1.6

Question 1

How economic development can influence vulnerability and resilience

Answer 1

gives communities and countries access to resources, organisations and technology needed to cope with hazard events

• With increasing income, people are better able to ensure their own safety by living in ‘safe’ locations and in ‘hazard-proofed’ properties

Question 2

How non-economic can influence vulnerability and resilience

Answer 2

•Access to education - people can be made more aware of hazard risks and what do in a hazard event

• Access to healthcare - better health, better people are able to withstand
health and food risks resulting from a hazard

• Housing - poorly built buildings unable to withstand shockwaves leads to serious injuries and death.

Question 3

Governance and influence vulnerability and a community’s resilience

Answer 3

Based on three concepts:

authority

decision making

accountability

Question 4

Good Governance and influence vulnerability and a community’s resilience

Answer 4

Recognition and practice of a range of principles, such as transparency, rule of law, equity, consensus and participation

Question 5

Poor Governance and influence vulnerability and a community’s resilience

Answer 5

Corrupt local and national government and weak political organisation increases hazard vulnerability in two ways:

• Failed to invest properly in infrastructure that might mitigate impacts of a tectonic hazard, e.g. ‘hazard-proofing’ buildings
• By being ill-prepared to deal with emergency situation immediately following a hazard

Question 6

Geographical factors that can increase hazard vulnerability

Answer 6

• population density - higher density means more people at risk.
• urbanisation - more people and businesses means more at risk and vulnerability.
• isolation and inaccessibility - particularly critical in immediate aftermath of a hazard event when there is an urgent need to provide emergency aid.
• community spirit - strong spirit can help boost morale and collective wish to survive hazard.

Question 7

Swiss Cheese Model of disaster causation

Answer 7

Each layer of ‘cheese’ is another layer that could have prevented disaster happening – the holes are weaknesses. A disaster happens when all weaknesses align