16/04

Question 1

Forrest Plot

Answer 1

• blue dot shows results (Risk ratio)
• line means confidence interval
• if overlap the line, then its no use, no significant evidence
• Pool at risk ratio - overall effect (big Diamond)- favours antibiotic, but there is no sufificient evidence

Question 2

Heterogenity

Answer 2

• huge difference among studies
• Types: Clinical, Methodological, Statistical
  Clinical
• variation in participants, intervention, outcomes, and study design
  Methological
• variation in methods used in studies (quality of how they locate the people)
  Statistical
• excessive variation in results of studies

Question 3

P value

Answer 3

• I^2 larger than 50% there is significant heterogenity, no chance

Question 4

Odds and Risk ratio

Answer 4

RR
event of interest/ total
- 60/70
- normally in %

Absolute risk difference ARD
- between intervention and control
- bigger value - smaller value

Odds ratio
- event of interest/ event of no interest
- decimals

Number needed to treat NNT
- 1/ ARD
- 1/ in decimal
- 10 people will get pain relief from paracetamol to get 1 without pain relief

RR Value of no difference- 1

OR Value of no difference- 1

ARD - 0

Question 5

PICO

Answer 5

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

Question 6

Systemic review

Question 7

Confidence interval

Answer 7

• cannot overlap 1
• RI 4.21 CI (4-5) - it’s sufficient evidence
• ARD 2 (CI 0.1- 3) - sufficient evidence

Question 8

4 Randomised Controlled trial

Answer 8

• blinding/ masking
• controlled/ comparison group
• inclusion/ exclusion criteria
• randomisation
• allocation concealment

Question 9

5 types of Study methods

Answer 9

• randomised controlled trial
• case report/ case series
• cross- sectional study
• case control
• cohort study

Question 10

Case report

Answer 10

• report on a single patient/ series of pts with an outcome of interest; no controlled group involved

Question 11

CSS

Answer 11

• observation of a defined population at a single point of time
• larger size group

Question 12

Case control/ Retrospective study

Answer 12

• retrospective study
• study of people with or without the disease
• looks back in time and exposure to a particular RF of both groups

Question 13

Cohort study

Answer 13

• prospective study
• establish a group of individuals in apopulation
• measure exposure and follow up for a period of time

Question 14

2 study of critical appraisal

Answer 14

• to critically appraise a study

1. CASP tool- critical appraisal skills programme
2. CONSORT- identify flaws in RCT

Question 15

Systematic review and Metaanalysis

Question 16

GRADE
- metaanalysis

Answer 16

Cochrane uses GRADE
- Grading of
- Recommendations assessment
- Development and
- Evaluation

Answer 17

Section 47

Question 18

Adult with Capacity

Answer 18

• decision and action

Question 19

Access incapacity

Question 20

Principle of AWI Act

Answer 20

• benefit pt
• acc for pt wishes
• least restrictive option; minimal intervention
• encourage adult to exercise residual capacity
• consult relevant others

Question 21

Legal definition

Answer 21

• cannot enter legally binding contract
• decision no legal effect

Question 22

AMCUR

Answer 22

Acting
Making a decision
Communicating decision
Understanding decision
Retaining the memory of decision

Question 23

Adults at Risk

Answer 23

• someone unable to safeguard their wellbeing, property and rights because they are at risk of harm
• due to mental health disorder, disability, illnesses

Question 24

Types of Toothwear

Answer 24

• Attrition
• Erosion
• Abrasion
• Abfraction

Question 25

Abfraction

Answer 25

• toothwear caused by

Question 26

BEWE

Answer 26

0 - no tooth surface loss
1- surface enamel detail loss
2 - less than 50% of hard tissue defects; tooth surface loss less than 50%
3 -