1527-1540

Question 1

What highlighted the extent to which England remained a relatively minor power in Europe?

Answer 1

Henrys failure to resolve his ‘Great Matter’

Question 2

What treaty were Henry and Wolsey forced to make due to their weak position in 1527?

Answer 2

an anti-imperial (HRE) alliance with the French at the Treaty of Amiens

Question 3

What year was the Treaty of Amiens?

Answer 3

1527

Question 4

How did Wolsey sought to pressurise the emperor?

Answer 4

by imposing a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands

Question 5

Why was Wolsey forced to back down to Charles after Wolsey imposed a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands?

Answer 5

due to Charles retaliation which created widespread unemployment and social problems in England

Question 6

How did Charles V ensure Henry’s attempts to solve his marital issues by diplomatic means was doomed to be a failure ?

Answer 6

• Charles won the French at the Battle of Landriano in 1529

- Dominance over the Pope

Question 7

What year was the Battle of Landriano ?

Answer 7

1529

Question 8

Who was the Battle of Landriano 1529 between and who won?

Answer 8

between the HRE and the French, Charles V won

Question 9

What treaty arose as a result of Charles V success over France?

Answer 9

the Treaty of Cambrai

Question 10

What was Francis forced to agree to in the Treaty of Cambria 1529?

Answer 10

forced to agree to all Charles’ demands such as requiring the French to give up their ambitions in Italy

Question 11

What 3 things did the Peace of Cambrai 1529 establish?

Answer 11

• French give up ambitions in Italy
• reinforced Papacy’s political dependance on the emperor
• Charles was the most dominant individual in Europe

Question 12

by 1529 in terms of international political context who was the most dominant figure?

Answer 12

Charles V

Question 13

What happened in 1532 regarding France and England?

Answer 13

a defensive alliance between England and France began

Question 14

How did the alliance Henry had with France begin to unravel after 1532?

Answer 14

Francis sought to establish a marriage alliance between his son Henry and the Pope’s niece Catherine de Medici

Question 15

Why did Henry’s decision to break from Rome suffer no short-term repercussions?

Answer 15

as Charles was primarily concerned with the threat posed by the Ottoman Turks to Christian Europe

Question 16

What was the League of Schmalkalden?

Answer 16

an organisation of German princes and free cities with supported the reformer Martin Luther and his rejection of the Catholic Church

Question 17

Why did Henry join the League of Schmalkalden?

Answer 17

in attempt to reinforce his position

Question 18

Why was the pressure upon Henry’s position reduced in 1536? (2)

Answer 18

1) the Death of Catherine of Aragon and the execution of Anne Boleyn opened up the possibility to a renewed alliance with the emperor
2) The renewal of fighting between emperor and Francis 1 reduced the potential danger of England’s isolated position

Question 19

What 3 factors weakened Henrys position again in 1538?

Answer 19

1) Charles and Francis signed Treaty of Nice
2) Pope Paul 111 published a bull deposing Henry
3) Pope attempts to rouse a catholic crusade against Henry

Question 20

What did Pope Paul 111’s published bull say?

Answer 20

absolved English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler

Question 21

Who did the Pope send envoys too to rouse support for a Catholic Crusade against Henry? (2)

Answer 21

• Scotland

- France

Question 22

What highlights the fact Henry did not appear to think his situation was dangerous? (2)

Answer 22

• due to his enthusiasm for the Six Articles Act of 1539

- marriage to Anne of Cleves

Question 23

What was Henry’s insurance policy against Francis and Charles?

Answer 23

• League of Schmalkalden

- Marriage alliance with Anne of Cleves

Question 24

Who was the ninth Earl of Kildare?

Answer 24

Gerald Fitzgerald

Question 25

What was the Pale?

Answer 25

area of land surrounding Dublin under the control of English authorities

Question 26

What were the 3 roles of Gerald Fitzgerald the ninth Earl of Kildare?

Answer 26

• English courtier
• servant of the crown
• the most powerful of the Gaelic Chiefs

Question 27

Why did the relationship between Kildare and the king break down?

Answer 27

after the Geraldine-Butler feud

Question 28

After Gerald Fitzgerald’s , the ninth earl of Kildare’s dismissal, when did a major rebellion park led by his son Thomas Fitzgerald , the Earl of Ossory ?

Answer 28

in 1534

Question 29

Who led the major rebellion after the ninth earl of Kildare was dismissed by the King?

Answer 29

his son, Thomas Fitzgerald, earl of Ossory

Question 30

How did the 1534 major rebellion led by the Earl of Ossory, the son of Kildare end?

Answer 30

with difficulty and at considerable expense

Question 31

Why did brining Ireland under English control fail?

Answer 31

as this required a royal government through an English born deputy supported by a substantial military presence

Question 32

Which 2 Irish nobles invaded the Pale in 1539?

Answer 32

Con O’Neil and Manus O’Donnell

Question 33

how did the government attempt to pacify Ireland? (3)

Answer 33

by establishing it as a separate Kingdom in 1541
imposing English law
creating counties out of Gaelic lordships

Question 34

What did Henry do to gain support from the Irish ?

Answer 34

• Gave peerages to some Gaelic lords

- the Irish were entitled to the same legal protections as their English counterparts

Question 35

What was a disadvantage to the reforms the government promised the Irish?

Answer 35

the government lacked the resources and so there was no residual Irish loyalty to the English Crown

Question 36

When was the True of Nice?

Answer 36

1538