1527-1540 Flashcards
What highlighted the extent to which England remained a relatively minor power in Europe?
Henrys failure to resolve his ‘Great Matter’
What treaty were Henry and Wolsey forced to make due to their weak position in 1527?
an anti-imperial (HRE) alliance with the French at the Treaty of Amiens
What year was the Treaty of Amiens?
1527
How did Wolsey sought to pressurise the emperor?
by imposing a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands
Why was Wolsey forced to back down to Charles after Wolsey imposed a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands?
due to Charles retaliation which created widespread unemployment and social problems in England
How did Charles V ensure Henry’s attempts to solve his marital issues by diplomatic means was doomed to be a failure ?
- Charles won the French at the Battle of Landriano in 1529
- Dominance over the Pope
What year was the Battle of Landriano ?
1529
Who was the Battle of Landriano 1529 between and who won?
between the HRE and the French, Charles V won
What treaty arose as a result of Charles V success over France?
the Treaty of Cambrai
What was Francis forced to agree to in the Treaty of Cambria 1529?
forced to agree to all Charles’ demands such as requiring the French to give up their ambitions in Italy
What 3 things did the Peace of Cambrai 1529 establish?
- French give up ambitions in Italy
- reinforced Papacy’s political dependance on the emperor
- Charles was the most dominant individual in Europe
by 1529 in terms of international political context who was the most dominant figure?
Charles V
What happened in 1532 regarding France and England?
a defensive alliance between England and France began
How did the alliance Henry had with France begin to unravel after 1532?
Francis sought to establish a marriage alliance between his son Henry and the Pope’s niece Catherine de Medici
Why did Henry’s decision to break from Rome suffer no short-term repercussions?
as Charles was primarily concerned with the threat posed by the Ottoman Turks to Christian Europe
What was the League of Schmalkalden?
an organisation of German princes and free cities with supported the reformer Martin Luther and his rejection of the Catholic Church
Why did Henry join the League of Schmalkalden?
in attempt to reinforce his position
Why was the pressure upon Henry’s position reduced in 1536? (2)
1) the Death of Catherine of Aragon and the execution of Anne Boleyn opened up the possibility to a renewed alliance with the emperor
2) The renewal of fighting between emperor and Francis 1 reduced the potential danger of England’s isolated position
What 3 factors weakened Henrys position again in 1538?
1) Charles and Francis signed Treaty of Nice
2) Pope Paul 111 published a bull deposing Henry
3) Pope attempts to rouse a catholic crusade against Henry
What did Pope Paul 111’s published bull say?
absolved English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler
Who did the Pope send envoys too to rouse support for a Catholic Crusade against Henry? (2)
- Scotland
- France
What highlights the fact Henry did not appear to think his situation was dangerous? (2)
- due to his enthusiasm for the Six Articles Act of 1539
- marriage to Anne of Cleves
What was Henry’s insurance policy against Francis and Charles?
- League of Schmalkalden
- Marriage alliance with Anne of Cleves
Who was the ninth Earl of Kildare?
Gerald Fitzgerald
What was the Pale?
area of land surrounding Dublin under the control of English authorities
What were the 3 roles of Gerald Fitzgerald the ninth Earl of Kildare?
- English courtier
- servant of the crown
- the most powerful of the Gaelic Chiefs
Why did the relationship between Kildare and the king break down?
after the Geraldine-Butler feud
After Gerald Fitzgerald’s , the ninth earl of Kildare’s dismissal, when did a major rebellion park led by his son Thomas Fitzgerald , the Earl of Ossory ?
in 1534
Who led the major rebellion after the ninth earl of Kildare was dismissed by the King?
his son, Thomas Fitzgerald, earl of Ossory
How did the 1534 major rebellion led by the Earl of Ossory, the son of Kildare end?
with difficulty and at considerable expense
Why did brining Ireland under English control fail?
as this required a royal government through an English born deputy supported by a substantial military presence
Which 2 Irish nobles invaded the Pale in 1539?
Con O’Neil and Manus O’Donnell
how did the government attempt to pacify Ireland? (3)
by establishing it as a separate Kingdom in 1541
imposing English law
creating counties out of Gaelic lordships
What did Henry do to gain support from the Irish ?
- Gave peerages to some Gaelic lords
- the Irish were entitled to the same legal protections as their English counterparts
What was a disadvantage to the reforms the government promised the Irish?
the government lacked the resources and so there was no residual Irish loyalty to the English Crown
When was the True of Nice?
1538
