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biology > 15.1 > Flashcards

15.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilization

A

fusing the sperm and egg to form a single cell

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2
Q

why do few sperm arrive in the oviduct

A
  • many die in to acidic environment on the vagina

- most go to the wrong oviduct that does not contain the ovum

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3
Q

is it the first sperm that fertilize the egg or no

A

no

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4
Q

the first mitosis cell division is called

A

cleavage division

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5
Q

a cell division without the enlargement of the cells is called

A

cleavage division

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6
Q

why does the cell after each cleavage division become smaller and smaller

A

because this cell division happens very quickly leaving the new cells no time to grow

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7
Q

embryonic period (2)

A
  • tissues and organs forms

- structures that nourishes the developing embryo

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8
Q

fetal period (2)

A
  • body grows rapidly

- the fully formed organs begins to function

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9
Q

after fertilization.. what beings to happen (1)

A

cleavage division

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10
Q

before the zygote reaches the uterus, it undergoes what

A

cleavage division

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11
Q

cleavage divion continue to happen until what

A

it turns into a 16 celled called morula

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12
Q

morula

A
  • a zygote with 16 cells
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13
Q

how does blastocyst form

A
  • when morula forms 2 cells called trophoblast and inner mass cell
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14
Q

blastocyst…

inner and outer layer

A

inner: inner mass cell (becomes the embryo)
outer: trophoblast (nourishes the embryo)

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15
Q

what will trophoblast turn into..

A

chorion

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16
Q

what will chorion develop into

A

placenta

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17
Q

inner mass cell will develop into..

A

it will develop into a embryo

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18
Q

what implants itself onto the endometrium

A

blastocyst

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19
Q

what it positioned against the endometrium during implantation

A

inner mass cell

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20
Q

how does implantation occur

A

trophoblast secretes enzymes that digest through endometrium

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21
Q

the embryo attaching itself onto the endometrium will..

A

increased SA for nutrients absorption

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22
Q

when does a woman is concluded to be pregnant

A

when the implantation is successful

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23
Q

when is hCG secreted

A

once implantation begins

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24
Q

what secretes hCG

A
  • trophoblast/chorion
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25
Q

hCG has the same function as..

A

LH

- they both keep corpus luteum alive

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26
Q

hCG effects (4)

A
  • maintains corpus luteum = continuous secretion of F hormones
  • prevents menstruation
  • maintains endometrium
  • prevents spont abortion
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27
Q

hCG is less important during…

A

after 1st trimeter, when placenta is formed

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28
Q

amnion cavity (2)

A
  • filled with amnionic fluid

- where the baby will develop

29
Q

embryonic disk

A

composed of 3 layer..

  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
30
Q

gastrula

A

an embryo with the primary germ layers

31
Q

primary germ cells

A

first layer of cells formed during embryogenesis

32
Q

all cells, tissues, and organs are derived from what

A

primary germ cells through differentiation

33
Q

the FORMATION of primary germ cells is called

A

gastrulation

34
Q

the DEVELOPMENT of the primary germ cells into tissues, organs, and cells is called

A

differentiation

35
Q

morphogenesis (2)

A
  • forming the shape of the organs and the shape of the organism itself
  • puts the cells where they need to be
36
Q

morphogenesis begins with.. and depends on…

A

gastrulation

differentiation

37
Q

neurulation

Happens in embryonic or fetal period?

A

happens in embryogenesis

- the process of forming the neural tube, which develops into the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

38
Q

notochord develops into

A

skeleton

39
Q

neural tube develops into..

A

CNS

40
Q

what marks the start of organ formation

A

neurulation

41
Q

embryo turns into fetus when…

A

after 8th week

when or organs and structures are formed

42
Q

gastrulation is complete when..

A
  • embryo turns into fetus

- when organs are formed

42
Q

Organs start function during

A

Embryo turns into fetus

43
Q

extra-embryonic membranes are responsible for… (4)

A

responsible for..

  • protection
  • nutrition
  • respiration
  • excretion
44
Q

what are the extra-embryonic membranes

A

allantois
amnion
yolk
chorion

45
Q

afterbirth

A

expelled …

  • extra-membrionic membranes
  • umbilical cord and placenta
46
Q

what forms that umbilical cord (2)

A

allantois and yolk sac

47
Q

placenta functions (3)

A

Nutritional: transports nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids; it also stores nutrients (protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals) to be released later in the pregnancy.

Excretory: transports wastes such as urea, ammonia, and creatinine from the fetal blood to the mother’s blood.
Respiratory: transports oxygen from mother to fetus, and carbon dioxide from fetus to mother.

Endocrine: secretes hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin; allows these hormones to diffuse from mother to fetus and fetus to mother.
Immune: provides passive immunity by transporting antibodies from the mother to the fetus’s blood.

48
Q

embryonic vs fetal development

A

embryonic
- when organs are being formed

fetal
- when organs are formed and just continue to develop

49
Q

morphogenesis happens during..

A

embryonic period

50
Q

what establish the beginnings of placenta

A

chorionic villi

51
Q

chorionic villi

A

increase SA for nutrient absorption

52
Q

placenta is rich with what

A

blood vessels

53
Q

how is embryo attached to the uterine wall

A

through placenta

54
Q

umbilical cord function

A

The umbilical cord contains one vein and two arteries; the arteries transport oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta. The vein transports oxygen-rich blood to the fetus

55
Q

where does primary germ cells develop from

A

embryonic dick from blastocyst

56
Q

during neurulation.. what begins the happen

A

NS begins to form

57
Q

what trimester is proper nutrition important

A

3rd

58
Q

what systems are las to mature

A

digestive and respiratory

59
Q

when is the baby highly sensitive to environmental factors (teratogens)

A

when it is a fetus

60
Q

teratogens

A

any agent that causes a structural abnormality of the developing fetus due to exposure during pregnancy

61
Q

what forms the placenta (2)

A

chronic villi

chorion

62
Q

what undergoes implantation

A

blastocyst

63
Q

where does the extra-embryonic membrane forms

A

trophoblast

64
Q

what undergoes gastrulation to form the embryonic disk (3 primary germ layers)

A

inner cell mass

65
Q

what undergoes morphogenesis

A

endoderm

66
Q

what undergoes neurulation

A

ectodern

67
Q

production of hCG decreased after

A

1st trimester

68
Q

extra-embryonic membrane explain them

A 
- Amnion
barrier from infections
Is fluid filled (amniotic fluid)
> Amniotic fluid:
protects the embryo (trauma, impact, cushions it, keep tempt constant=prevents tempt fluctuation)
  • Yolk sac:
    Produces the FIRST blood cell and the FUTURE sperm and egg cells
    Serves not nutrition function, unlike other animals
  • Allantois
    Forms the umbilical cord
  • Chorion
    Forms placenta
    Outer layer = encloses all other extra-embryonic membrane, as well as the embryo

biology (8 decks)

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