15.01.2025

Question 1

Cytology - definition

Answer 1

the morphological examination of cells in isolation or in clusters, removed from their tissue of origin

Question 2

Advantages and disadvantages of cytology

Answer 2

Advantages:
- samples can be easily obtained
- low risk for patient vs biopsy techniques
- rapid treatment in laboratories

Disadvantages:
- very limited amount of cells
- absence of any tissue architecture

Question 3

General indications for the use of cytology (min. 7)

Answer 3

1. Effusions - thoracic & abdominal
2. Urine sediiments, urine bladder washing
3. Prostate - direct aspirate, washing
4. Lymphoadenopathy - focal, generalised
5. Examination of metastatic processes
6. Cutaneous/ subcutaneous masses, ulcerative lesions
7. Unidentified masses

Question 4

Cytology of inflammations: acute purulent, histiocytic/granulomatous, pyogranulomatous

Answer 4

• Acute purulent: observe large populations of neutrophils -> pyogenic bacteria causes
• Histiocytic/ granulomatous: more common in specific inflammation reaction, characterised by macrophages in tissue & may be seen infiltration of lymphocytes/ plasma cells
  Granulomas may be caused due to bacteria TBC Actinobacillus
• Pyogranulomas: granules filled with pus (usually contain dead bacteria and neutrophils)

Question 5

Eosinophilic inflammation - cytological picture, aetiology, occurrence

Answer 5

Cytological pic: Characterised by more than 3% of eosinophils in the tissue

Aetiology: insects, protozoa, helminths

Occurrence: in animals that have access to outdoor areas, access to other animals, or access to shared food & water that are exposed to the environment that may contain spores/ cysts/ larvae of parasites

Question 6

Cancer - the definition o

Answer 6

abnormal growth of cell that proliferates in uncontrolled way and may metastasise

Question 7

Nuclear criteria of malignancy

Answer 7

Anysokaryosis
Increase N/C ration
Irregular nucleus
Increase number or size of nucleoli

Question 8

General, cytoplasmic and structural criteria of malignancy

Answer 8

malignancy is when there is is cellular proliferation and multiplication, abnormal cell shapes, different nucleus shapes, there can be a high N:C ratio (should usually be 1:3-8), cytoplasmic staining or cloudiness

Question 9

Cytology of normal lymph node

Answer 9

Can see leucocytes, epithelial cells, lymphatic fluids may be with fat cells, macrophages and other leucocytes

Question 10

Cytology of malignant lymphoma

Answer 10

1. Cell Population: Monomorphic population of atypical lymphoid cells, lacking the polymorphic nature of reactive lymph nodes.
2. Cell Characteristics: Large nuclei, irregular nuclear contours, prominent nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm in many cases.
3. Background: Often a clean background with minimal debris, or occasional necrotic material in high-grade lymphomas.
4. Types: Distinction between Hodgkin lymphoma (presence of Reed-Sternberg cells) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on cellular features.
5. Immunophenotyping: Often required for precise diagnosis, using flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry to classify the lymphoma subtype.