08.01.2025

Question 1

Cytology - definition

Answer 1

the morphological examination of cells in isolation or in clusters, removed from their tissue of origin

Question 2

The methods used in samples collection + their brief definition

Answer 2

1. Imprints - collects fewer cells than scraping, greater contamination than FNAB
2. Scraping -usually for skin (superficial sample)
3. Swabs - can be from nasal/ trachea
4. Fine-needle biopsy - can be from effusions or tumours

Question 3

FNAB, FNB - description of methods

Answer 3

1. FNAB: Uses a thin, hollow needle (usually 22–25 gauge) to extract cells or fluid from a suspicious area, such as a lump or lesion
   - Collects cells for cytological analysis to identify abnormalities like cancer or infection.
2. FNB: Involves a slightly larger needle (often 18–20 gauge) to extract a small core of tissue from the target area. Typically performed under imaging guidance for precise targeting.
   - Provides a histological sample (tissue architecture) for more detailed analysis, often needed when FNAB is inconclusive.

Question 4

Cytology of inflammations: acute purulent, histiocytic/granulomatous, pyogranulomatous

Answer 4

• Acute purulent: observe large populations of neutrophils -> pyogenic bacteria causes
• Histiocytic/ granulomatous: more common in specific inflammation reaction, characterised by macrophages in tissue & may be seen infiltration of lymphocytes/ plasma cells
  Granulomas may be caused due to bacteria TBC Actinobacillus
• Pyogranulomas: granules filled with pus (usually contain dead bacteria and neutrophils)

Question 5

Cytology of chronic inflammation and of allergic and immunological reactions

Answer 5

• Chronic inflammation: characterised by infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells & fibrous ct production so fibrocytes are seen and produce collagen fibres
• Allergic/ immunological: characterised by eosinophils and basophils infiltration
  *in allergic IgE is the most dominant

Question 6

Eosinophilic inflammation - cytological picture, aetiology, occurrence

Answer 6

Characterised by more than 3% of eosinophils in the tissue
It can be caused due to: flea bite, feline eosinophilic skin disease, anapaestic syndrome, allergy

Question 7

Cytology of acute and chronic haemorrhage

Answer 7

1. Acute haemorrhage: we can see a large amount of RBC’s in the tissue
2. Chronic: we can find RBC’s inside macrophages and in form of hemossiderin in tissue or can be siderocytes in macrophages

Question 8

Cancer - the definition

Answer 8

abnormal growth of cell that proliferates in uncontrolled way and may metastasise

Question 9

Nuclear criteria of malignancy

Answer 9

Anysokaryosis
Increase N/C ration
Irregular nucleus
Increase number or size of nucleoli

Question 10

Cytology of normal lymph node

Answer 10

Can see leucocytes, epithelial cells, lymphatic fluids may be with fat cells, macrophages and other leucocytes