Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NTL midterm 2 > 15: Nutrition in Infancy and Adolesence > Flashcards

15: Nutrition in Infancy and Adolesence Flashcards

0
Q

What is a sensitive indicator of whether or not energy needs are being met?

A

Growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

How does the energy for growth compare to energy for growth through infancy and childhood?

A

Energy requirement for growth are much lower, except for the first few months of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What will detect growth faltering earlier than growth charts?

A

Growth velocity (cm/mth or g/mth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What accounts for a huge portion of newborns BMR?

A

Brain (70%), liver, kidney, heart. Very metabolically active tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What accounts for a large portion of energy expenditure only in the first two months?

A

Thermal stress. Brown adipose tissue developed in utero and supported by milk maintains temperature without shivering, and stimulates muscle and bone development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are energy equations derived?

A

Label H, O, C with stable radioisotopes, see expenditure and derive equations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What accounts for a large amount of variability from ages 3-10?

A

Variable growth rates and activity levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When do sex differences start being seen in requirements?

A

3 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EER=

A

TEE + energy deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are there any conditions EER will greatly underestimate requirements?

A

If there has been previous energy deprivation and catch up growth is required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What accounts for the bulk of the metabolically active tissue?

A

Fat free mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are dietary carbohydrate recommendations based on for the first 6 mths?

A

Breast milk. Assumed to be ideal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At what age do we assume the regular brain requirement for glucose had been reached?

A

12 mths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What recommendations are made for sugar and children?

A

Limit intake. High GI is related to poor cognitive function, especially for short term memory. Also low nutrient density.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What risks are associated with underconsumption of fibre? Over consumption?

A

Poor micro biome and higher risk for obesity. Zinc and other micronutrient deficiencies due to high Phytates and oxalates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the basis of fibre recommendations?

A

CVD health, use AI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the basis of carbohydrate recommendations?

A

Adequate brain glucose. RDA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the protein recommendation based on after exclusive breast feeding?

A

Nitrogen equilibrium (factorial method) and protein deposition. RDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are three aspects included in the factorial method?

A
  1. Estimated maintenance requirements.
  2. Measures rates of protein deposition.
  3. Estimated the efficiency of protein utilization for growth.
19
Q

How does the protein RDA compare to the AI?

A

RDA is slightly lower than AI.

20
Q

What are some possible risk factors for the higher protein content of formula?

A

High protein may increase IGF1 which could be a risk factor for obesity. May contribute to less self regulation.

21
Q

What is the only life stage that has an AI for fat?

A

Infancy (up to 12 months).

22
Q

Is the omega 6 content of breast milk always consistent?

A

Much higher in vegetarians typically.

23
Q

Is there a difference between omega 3 and omega 6 intake between boys and girls?

A

Boys have higher energy expenditure which means higher fat oxidation, so AI is greater for boys than for girls.

24
Q

What are recommendations for children and adolescence eater intakes based on?

A

Just the AI for the median total intake. See normal hydration status from very wide range of intakes.

25
Q

What are sodium requirements for children based on?

A

Kidney is mature by 12 months, so AI is based on meeting nutrient needs for other essential nutrients. Proportionally no different from adults. Extrapolate down.

26
Q

What are recommendations for potassium in children taken from?

A

Extrapolated from adults. Adjusted based on energy intake, not weight (which may underestimate).

27
Q

What are some conditions that result from potassium deficiency?

A

Higher blood pressure, bone demineralization, kidney stones. See from inadequate intake over an extended period of time.

28
Q

EAR (child)=

A

EAR(adult)(weight child/ weight adult)^0.75(1+ growth factor)

29
Q

Why is extrapolation from adults used so often?

A

Unethical to do dose/response relationship during growth.

30
Q

What is the vit D requirement based on?

A

Only bone density.

31
Q

Why is vitamin K important?

A

Prothrombin synthesis, bone health, brain health, and anti cancer properties.

32
Q

What is the vitamin K index?

A

AI (median intake)

33
Q

What contributes to the risk for hemorrhagic disease of the newborn?

A

Vitamin k is transferred poorly across the placenta, plasma clotting factors are low at birth, breast milk is low in vitamin K, PCBs and other toxins cause excessive breakdown of vitamin K

34
Q

When does an infant receive a vitamin K injection?

A

Within 6 hrs of birth.

35
Q

How are the requirements for vitamin K for older infants calculated?

A

Extrapolate from younger infants rather than adults, because otherwise unrealistically high.

36
Q

How is the calcium RDA calculated?

A

Can directly measure with DEXA so don’t have to extrapolate.

37
Q

What are the threes lines of evidence for Ca needs in the 9-18 yrs group?

A

The factorial approach
Ca retention to meet peak none mineral accretion
Clinical trials in response to variable Ca intake.

38
Q

When are iron reserves used during infancy?

A

Within the first 6 mths

39
Q

What are the major components for Fe needs of older infants?

A

Basal losses, increased hemoglobin mass, increased tissue Fe, increased storage Fe

40
Q

What are the major components for Fe needs age 9-18?

A

Basal losses, increase in hemoglobin mass, increase in tissue, menstrual losses starting. No provision for storage after early childhood.

41
Q

When is menstruation assumed for increased iron requirements?

A

14

42
Q

Which gender has a higher risk of being zinc deficient in childhood?

A

Boys. Switches in adolescence.

43
Q

What is the iodine recommendation based on?

A

Creation of positive iodine balance (adult extrapolation is too low)

44
Q

What risk is there of consuming above the UL for fluoride?

A

Enamel fluorosis.

NTL midterm 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions