13: Childhood and Infancy Flashcards
What are the three eating developmental periods in the first year of life?
Nursing (4-6 mths), transitional (6-10 mths), and modified adult (>10 mths)
What is the purpose of growth charts?
Used with other info to assess general health. Will need to he concerned if traverse 2 growth channels quickly.
What is a risky feeding period in the first year of life?
Transition. First non sterile foods taken in, also crawling around being exposed to contaminants. Need to have laid down fat to survive potential infections.
When is partly skimmed milk not recommended until?
Not recommended for first two years of life.
Why is it important that breast milk is high in fat?
High caloric density and easy to convert into body fat.
What macronutrient is significantly different between milk and infant formula?
Protein is significantly higher in infant formula.
What is a risk of improper dilution of infant formula?
Over diluted: low kcal, failure to thrive. Under diluted: dehydration, metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia (high solute load).
What is nursing bottle syndrome?
Nursing at bedtime and through the night, causes dental caries.
Why are soy beverages an inappropriate milk substitute?
Too high in manganese, which has a risk of neurotoxicity and decreased cognitive development. Not as energy dense as formula. Many children with cows milk allergies will be equally allergic to soy because of cross reactivity. Phytic acid decreases mineral availablity.
Why is goats milk not an appropriate milk substitute?
Low calcium to phosphorous ratio, low energy, could cause failure to thrive.
What is Beikost?
Introduction of solid foods.
What are some risks of introducing solid foods too early?
Choking, increased risk for developing allergies, diarrhea, under nutrition from decreased milk supply, and increased risk of T1DM due to leaky gut.
What are some indications that an infant is ready for solid foods?
No more extrusion reflex, infants weight has doubled, sits with support, controls head movement, is hungry after feelings.
What are some risks of introducing foods too late?
Growth faltering, decreased immune protection, under nutrition, feeding aversions.
When does the extrusion reflex typically end?
10 wks.
When does oral and muscular development for feeding continue until?
3 yrs
When are deficiencies unlikely during transition?
When energy and protein needs are being met.
What are good first foods?
Iron fortified rice cereals (low allergen) mixed with breast milk or water.
Why should spinach, collards, carrots, turnips, and beets be avoided before 4-5 months?
High in nitrites—>nitric oxide, causes methemoglobinemia which is a lack of oxygen to the tissues because cannot bind oxygen to hemoglobin. Same condition can be caused by a pathogenic infection.
What account for 75% of all allergies?
Cows milk, egg whites, peanuts.
Why should apple, peach, plum, and pear juices be avoided?
Excess content of sorbitol which infants can’t absorb well. Osmotic effect in colon causes diarrhea. Can also cause colic due to gas.
How much breast milk is taken in per day when foods are introduced?
600-800 ml/d
What is established in the feeding habits by the second year of life?
Sense of taste and enjoyment, form basis for lifelong eating habits, important that food should be pleasurable and follow satiety signals.
What are some benefit to having toddlers eat with the rest of the family?
Decrease risk of choking, decrease risk of overeating, decrease food aversions, better socializing, become accustomed to family diet.
