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NTL midterm 2 > 14: Adolescence > Flashcards

14: Adolescence Flashcards

0
Q

What are some contributors to the timing of a growth spurt?

A

Genetics, light exposure at night, other environmental factors. Age can be a large variation.

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1
Q

How is a growth spurt defined?

A

Peak height velocity where 20% of adult height and 50% of adult weight is achieved.

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2
Q

What are some sex differences between growth spurt features?

A

Boys tend to have the growth spurt later, it’s greater in intensity, and lasts later. Means taller, higher bone mass, and higher LBM.

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3
Q

What are some nutrient requirement features of growth spurts?

A

Highest nutritional needs. 2x greater incorporation of Ca, Zn, Fe into bones. Chronological age a poor nutrient indicator, hard to estimate needs as vary hugely.

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4
Q

What can lead to early onset of menarche?

A

High exposure to estrogen if chemicals, low vit D status, inadequate darkness at night (melatonin low levels).

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5
Q

What can contribute to late onset of menarche?

A

ED, very active lifestyle, dieting, poor bone mass, too low body fat (<16%)

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6
Q

When is male sexual maturity compared to the growth spurt?

A

Tend to be more sexually mature before the growth spurt begins, and can continue the growth spurt after secondary sexual characteristics are complete.

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7
Q

What is tanners sexual maturation rating (smr) used for?

A

Describes the stage of development. Growth charts are less accurate during liberty, so best guide for growth and development.

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8
Q

What hormones are involved in the growth spurt?

A

GH, T, and adrenal androgens.

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9
Q

When is peak LBM accumulation for girls?

A

Between SMR 3-4 (peak and right after growth spurt)

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10
Q

What is the peak LBM accumulation for boys?

A

SMR 5 and onward.

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11
Q

What happens to LBM in girls vs boys during puberty?

A

Boys LBM increases, and girls actually decreases relative to fat.

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12
Q

What are some internal factors that alter lifestyle and individual behaviours?

A

Physiological needs, body image, self concept, personal beliefs, food preferences, psychosocial development (gaining independence), health.

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13
Q

What are some external factors that alter lifestyle and individual food behaviour?

A

Family, parenting, peers, social values, media, fast food, food fads, nutritional knowledge, personal experiences.

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14
Q

What are some social-economic factors that effect lifestyle and individual food behaviour?

A

Political system, food security.

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15
Q

Why are personal eating habits during adolescence important?

A

Growing and developing. Also likely that will have a critical effect on life long health as the habits formed will often carry through to adulthood.

16
Q

What is the prevalence and risk of obesity in adolescence?

A

10-20%. Risk of high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance, sleep apnea , joint problems, early stages of arteriosclerosis.

17
Q

How does food physiological act as a source of comfort?

A

Releases serotonin, and acts as an anti anxiety when food is overeaten.

18
Q

What are some concerns about weight loss during adolescence, regardless of obesity?

A

May not reach optimal genetic potential for growth (only 61% will under caloric deficit). Focus instead on education, modifying to a healthier diet, and intervening on a family level.

19
Q

What are some factors that aggravate the risk of developing anorexia?

A

Substance abuse , frequent dieting

20
Q

List 5 clinical features of anorexia?

A

1- no known medical or psychiatric illness
2- body weight 15-20% below expected weight
3- intense fear of weight gain
4- absence of 3 or more menstrual cycles
5- disturbed self image

21
Q

How is fatty liver sometimes developed in anorexia?

A

ApoB is needed to synthesize VLDL to bring TGs out of liver, and when there is protein malnutrition will not be able to synthesize adequate ApoB.

22
Q

What is the minimum amount of body fat needed to maintain menstruation usually?

A

20-22%

23
Q

What are the two types of anorexia?

A

Restrictive type, and binging/purging type (vomiting, diuretics, laxatives)

24
Q

What deficiency may cause death in anorexia?

A

Thiamin deficiency may cause irreversible brain damage. Known as Wernickes encephalopathy.

25
Q

What complication may cause heart failure in anorexia?

A

Electrolyte imbalance. Alkalosis from low K leads to arrhythmia.

26
Q

What is the best stage for intervention of anorexia?

A

Early as possible. Harder to treat as it becomes imprints and established.

27
Q

What is a possible developmental trigger for anorexia?

A

Growth spurt (rapid weight gain) coincides with time when body image is closely tied to self concept. Can trigger dislike of weight gain and lead to anorexia.

28
Q

What is the dry skin of anorexia associated with?

A

EFA deficiency.

29
Q

What is the dehydration and edema of anorexia associated with?

A

Low albumin.

30
Q

What is commonly seen in the anorexic athlete?

A

Bone fractures

31
Q

What are 4 clinical diagnostic criteria of bulimia?

A

1- binging 2x week followed by purging for 3 mths
2-use compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain
3- distorted attitudes regarding food and nutrition
4- self evaluation based on body shape and weight, fear of gaining weight

32
Q

What is binging defined as?

A

Eating an excessive amount of food in a discrete period of time and exhibiting a lack of control while consuming. Serotonin often released. 5-10,000 kcal in a binge.

33
Q

What is bulimarexia?

A

Non purging bulimia that uses exercise or fasting accompanied by a depleted nutritional state.

34
Q

What are some risks associated with vomiting?

A

Damage esophagus, salivary glands, and teeth. Lead to electrolyte imbalance, which can cause kidney damage and heart issues.

35
Q

What are other eating disorders not categorized called?

A

Non-specified eating disorders

36
Q

What are some important aspects of treating eating disorders in teens?

A

Guide, don’t prescribe. Work with the family. Emphasize the importance of breakfast.

NTL midterm 2 (3 decks)

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