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Backup 2 > 15 Bordetella/Haemophilus > Flashcards

15 Bordetella/Haemophilus Flashcards

1
Q

what anatomical location are bordetella, haemophilus, and moraxells typically found?

A

upper airway

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2
Q

bordetella grows on what agar? Has what shape?

A
  • bordet-gengou or regan-lowe

- coccobacillus

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3
Q

T/F B. pertussis is aerobic? Non-fastidious?

A
  • T

- F

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4
Q

what is infection rate of whooping cough?

A

100% in unvaccinated (but may not show symptoms)

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5
Q

what 2 organisms cause whooping cough?

A

B. pertussis, parapertussis

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6
Q

pertussis is common in what age group?

A

less than 5 yrs

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7
Q

when did vaccination start for pertussis? before that, what was mortality rate?

A

1940’s

1%

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8
Q

T/F recently there is an increase in pertussis?

A

T (non-vaccinaters)

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9
Q

T/F pertussis vaccination is world-wide?

A

F

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10
Q

Catarrhal stage pertussis how many weeks?

A

1-2 wks

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11
Q

paroxysmal stage pertussis how many weeks?

A

2-8

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12
Q

convalescent stage pertussis is what?

A

symptoms get better (after paroxysmal stage)

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13
Q

Which pertussis stage is most contagious?

A

catarrhal

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14
Q

List B. pertussis MAIN virulence factors? (3)

A
  • filamentous hemagglutinin (adhere to glycolipids in CILIATED epithelium)
  • pertussis toxin (also an adhesion)
  • pertactin (adhere to cells)
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15
Q

what type of toxin is pertussis toxin? What’s its mechanism?

A
  • A-B toxin, ADP-ribosylating

- up Gs ->up adenylate cyclase ->up cAMP -> ions are expelled from cell ->paralyzes cell (up respiratory mucus)

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16
Q

List B. pertussis additional toxins? (4)

A
  • cya toxin (anti-inflamm, anti-phagocytic)
  • dermonecrotic toxin
  • tracheal toxin (cilia paralysis)
  • endotoxin
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17
Q

pneumonia, otitis media, seizures, encephalopathy, death are complications of what disease?

A

pertussis [of these pneumonia is the MOST common. death is rare.]

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18
Q

What symptoms when a vaccinated individual gets pertussis?

A

90-day cough can be only symptom, or sometimes also scratchy throat, episodes of sweating, post-tussive vomiting

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19
Q

how do we vaccinate for pertussis?

A

purified B. pertussis components w/ D and T toxoids (DTaP for “acellular”)

20
Q

what are the components of “aP” in pertussis vaccination/

A

pertussis toxoid, two colonization antigens and NO endotoxin

21
Q

pertussis immunization schedule?

A

2,4,6,15-18 months, 4-6 yrs

22
Q

T/F prophylactic antibiotics are provided to ALL close contacts of a pertussis case?

A

T

23
Q

Haemophilus is coccus/Bacilli? anaerobe/aerobe? Transformable/not? Fastidious/not?

A
  • coccobacilli
  • facultative anaerobe
  • NATURALLY transformable
  • Fastidious
24
Q

T/F non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenza is found in human oral cavity and mucosal surfaces of upper resp. tract normally?

A

T. (80% of humans!) [occasionally healthy people also harbor encapsulated Hib]

25
Q

Type-able strains of H. influenza have what serotype?

A

a-f (b most prevalent. This is the vaccinated strain!)

26
Q

Non-typeable strains of H. influenza have capsule or not? cause disease or not?

A

-no, yes occasionally

27
Q

When it comes to the disease it causes, how is H. parainfluenzae different than H. influenza?

A

same, but lower incidence

28
Q

what strain of H. influenza is known for pink eye which can progress to Brazilian purpuric fever?

A

aegypticus

29
Q

what strain of H. influenza causes “soft chancre/chancroid”?

A

H. ducreyi [mostly tropical, may not even be a real haemophilus!]

30
Q

What diseases can H. influenza cause? (3 categories) [global card, review rather than memorize]

A 
occasionally:
-meningitis, epiglottitis
Rarely:
-pneumonia, cellulitis, bacteremia
Local:
-otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis
31
Q

COPD is commonly exacerbated by what organism?

A

H. influenzae

32
Q

Hib no longer causes what childhood problem post-CONJUGATE vaccination?

A

meningitis is kids under 5 yrs

33
Q

What are Haemophilus Influenzae B. virulence factors?

A
  • NO exotoxin!
  • anti-phagocytic + adhesin capsule in Hib only
  • LOS
  • neuraminidase & IgA protease (role in invasion unproven)
34
Q

For non-type-B H. influenza, what are virulence factors?

A

unknown (NO exotoxin!)

35
Q

growing H. influenze requires?

A

choc agar /w X (hemin) and V (NAD) at 37 degrees in CO2-enriched environment

36
Q

besides growing, how can we diagnose H. influenza?

A

type b capsular antigen detection

37
Q

Treat H. influenza with what? What is key to treatment?

A
  • cefuroxime since it crosses Blood-Brain-Barrier (and since Beta-lactamases are common)
  • Prompt! (epiglottitis/meningitis 99% mortality)
38
Q

Moraxella is similar to what pathogen?

A

Haemophilus

39
Q

T/F 50% healthy kids and some adults have Moraxella flora?

A

T

40
Q

Moraxella usually causes what diseases?

A
  • otitis media in kids
  • sinusitis in adults
  • COPD exacerbations (like Haemophilus)
41
Q

If Moraxella progresses to bacteremia what does this mean?

A

patient has other serious disease. (don’t usually progress)

42
Q

Virulence factors of Moraxella?

A
  • adhesins

- LOS

43
Q

How is Moraxella different from Haemophilus?

A
  • diplococcus

- grow on most agars!

44
Q

How do we treat Moraxella?

A

-Beta-lactam plus B-lactamase inhibitor (like augmentin), or 2 or 3 gen. cephalosporins

45
Q

How is Moraxella similar to Haemophilus?

A
  • most things
  • oxidase positive
  • gram neg.

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