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Neuroanatomy Mod 1 > 1.5 > Flashcards

1.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus in CNS it like ___ in PNS.

A

ganglion

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2
Q

Reticular formation

A

Weblike
Extends throughout brainstem
Sends signals to entire cerebrum

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3
Q

Reticular formation function

A

Control of consciousness
Somatic and visceral sensation
Regulation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Control of muscle tone
Posture maintenance
Movement

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4
Q

Brainstem structure

A

Tectum is dorsal to cerebral aqueduct (roof)
Tegmentum is ventral to cerebral aqueduct (floor)

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5
Q

Nuclei of the brainstem

A

Cranial nerve nuclei: most are in the brainstem
Other motor and sensory nuclei mediate complex life functions.
Connection points in the brainstem allow decussation, bilateral coordination, and coordination among multiple structures.

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6
Q

Brainstem as connection point: Hearing

A
  1. Auditory signal to the brainstem –> arrives at cochlear nucleus
    - This connection is ipsilateral
  2. Signal is transmitted to nuclei on both sides of the brainstem
  3. Each hemisphere receives auditory signals from both ears.
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7
Q

Medulla: location

A

Cranial end of spinal cord
Contains the distal portion of the 4th ventricle

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8
Q

Medulla: Important structures

A

Medullary pyramids
Pyramidal decussation
Olive

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9
Q

Medulla: Pyramidal decussation

A

Motor nerves from the cortex travel to the pyramids and cross at the distal medulla
Right hemisphere damage = left side effect

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10
Q

Medulla: Sensory decussation

A

Sensory fibers cross rostral to the pyramidal decussation. They form a tract called the medial lemniscus traveling to the sensory cortices

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11
Q

Pons: Location

A

Between medulla and midbrain
Ventral to cerebellum

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12
Q

Pons: Important Structures

A

Cerebellar pathways
Ascending and descending motor pathways
Function: bridge

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13
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles

A

Form the roof of the 4th ventricle in the pons
Principally carries cerebellar signals to midbrain and thalamus

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14
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Carries signals from pons to cerebellum

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15
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Connects the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord

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16
Q

Midbrain: Location

A

Rostral to medulla and pons
Ventral to cerebellum

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17
Q

Structure of midbrain

A

Ventral: cerebral peduncles
Rostral: tectum

18
Q

Midbrain: Important Structures

A

Superior colliculi - visual coordination
Inferior colliculi - auditory localization
Substantia nigra - subconscious control of movement

19
Q

Which cranial nerves would be spared by brainstem damage?

A

Olfactory (CN I)
Optic (CN II)
Accessory (CN XI)

20
Q

Common causes of damage to CNS

A

Vascular disruption - stroke
Trauma
Pressure from a mass (usually intracranial)
Inflammation/infection

21
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory nerve
Sensory
Collection of receptor cells are in the nasal mucosa
SVA: olfactory sense
The olfactory signal travels from the olfactory bulb, along the olfactory tract, to several areas on the ventral surface of the brain.
Test by identifying familiar odor

22
Q

Olfactory signals

A

Direct connection to the cerebral cortex
- primary synapse is not the thalamus
Secondary connection to diencephalon, cerebellum
Profound influence on the limbic system

23
Q

CN II

A

Optic nerve
Sensory
Covered in visual system
Test: visual fields

24
Q

Optic nerve visual fields

A
25
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve
1. Skeletal motor control of EOM (GSE)
- superior rectus
- medial rectus
- inferior rectus
- inferior oblique
2. Skeletal motor control of levator palpebrae (GSE)
3. PSNS (autonomic; rest and digest) to pupil and lens (GVE)
- sphincter puillea - constrict pupil
- ciliary muscle (lens accommodation to change focus)
Test upward, downward, and medial gaze; reaction to light
Motor

26
Q

CN III, CN IV, CN VI

A

Extraocular muscles
Just skeletal muscle control of eye

27
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve
Motor: muscles of mastication
Sensory: sensation of the face
Test corneal reflex: face sensation; clench teeth, push down on chin to separate jaws

28
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve
Motor nerve: muscles of facial expression
Sensory: taste (SVA) anterior 2/3 of tongue
Test: close eyes tight; smile and show teeth; whistle and puff cheeks; identify familiar tastes

29
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve
Two divisions, both SSA
Vestibular: balance
Cochlear: hearing
Test: watch ticking; balance and coordination test

30
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Motor: swallow, salivation (parotid gland)
Sensory: taste and general sensation, posterior 1/3 of tongue; gag reflex sensation
Test gag reflex and ability to swallow

31
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve
Motor:
- PSNS supply to thoracic and abdominal viscera
- phonation
- gag reflex
Sensation: laryngeal area
Test gag reflex, ability to swallow and say “ahh”

32
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal accessory nerve
Motor: head rotation and lateral flexion, shoulder raise
Test: resisted shoulder shrug

33
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal nerve
Motor: tongue movement
Test tongue protrusion
- if injured, tongue deviates toward injured side

34
Q

The core of the brainstem contains the reticular formation. List its functions

A

Control of consciousness
Somatic and visceral sensation
Regulation of respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Control of muscle tone
Posture maintenance
Movement

35
Q

What happens at the pyramidal (motor) decussation?

A

Motor nerves from the cortex travel to the pyramids and cross at the distal medulla

36
Q

What happens at the sensory decussation?

A

sensory fibers cross rostral (cranial) to the pyramidal decussation
They form a tract called the medial lemniscus traveling to the sensory cortices (plural for cortex).

37
Q

What are the primary tracts carried by each peduncle?

A

Ascending sensory and descending motor pathways

38
Q

Which three cranial nerves are atypical and why?

A

Optic nerve – outgrowth of brain
Olfactory nerve – sensory pathways
Spinal accessory nerve – partly arises from the cervical spinal cord

39
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve
Motor
Eye movement
Test downward and lateral gaze

40
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens
Motor
Eye movement
Test lateral gaze

Neuroanatomy Mod 1 (7 decks)

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