1.3

Question 1

How do you find the best spot for a lumbar puncture?

Answer 1

L4-L5 to avoid spinal cord
Follow iliac crest
Lay on side

Question 2

Which spinal level correlates within inntervation of the upper extremity?

Answer 2

C5

Question 3

Cervical enlargement level

Answer 3

C3-T2

Question 4

Lumbar enlargement level

Answer 4

T11-L1

Question 5

Conus medullaris level

Answer 5

L1

Question 6

Spinal roots

Answer 6

Join to form spinal nerves
Spinal nerves divide into the ventral and dorsal rami.
Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column via intervertebral foramen.
Roots carry sensory OR motor.
Rami carry sensory AND motor,

Question 7

Dermatomes of neck, thumb, elbow, pinky, nipple, and umbillicus

Answer 7

Neck: C3-C5
Thumb: C6
Elbow: C7,C8
Pinky: C8
Nipple: T4, T5
Umbilicus: T10

Question 8

Note differences between nerve fibers.

Answer 8

Question 9

Cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord

Answer 9

The spinal cord in symmetrical bilaterally.
Ventral, dorsal, and lateral columns of grey matter.
White matter is peripheral.
Ventral and dorsal median sulcus or fissure.
Grey matter = cell body of neurons
White matter gets its color from myelin
Commissure = crossing

Question 10

Funiculus

Answer 10

Area of white matter
Both motor and sensory
Funiculus - neighborhood
Fasiculus - house
Bundle of nerve fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue or forming one of the main tracts of white matter in the spinal cord

Question 11

Spinal tracts

Answer 11

Bundles of neural fibers going to the same destination.
- carry either sensory or motor fibers
- can be called fasiculi

Question 12

Spinal cord vasculature

Answer 12

Serving the length of the spinal cord:
- anterior spinal artery (one)
- posterior spinal arteries (paired)

Branching off at each level:
- segmental radicular arteries

Question 13

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

Answer 13

Anatomically symmetrical
Connected by corpus callosum
Significant landmarks:
- central sulcus
- lateral sulcus
- frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
- insula
- limbic (cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal lobe)

Question 14

Brodmann’s areas

Answer 14

Numbered areas of the brain that identify areas of the brain
Though the brain is symmetrical anatomically, there are differences in function between the right and left

Question 15

Cerebrum: grey matter: horizontal organization

Answer 15

Cells of cerebral cortex are arranged in layers, with each layer made up of one cell type which has a unique function
Each region of the brain has 3-6 layers which work together cooperatively.

Question 16

Cerebrum: grey matter: vertical organization

Answer 16

Each region is functionally divided into columns
Narrow columns each serve one specific area of the body

Question 17

Cerebrum: white matter

Answer 17

3 types of fibers make up the white matter
1. Commissural - connects right and left
2. Projection - connects upper and lower on same side
3. Association - stays close, goes to gyri on same side, adjacent

Question 18

Basal nuclei

Answer 18

Groups of cell bodies involved in modification of movement
Basal nuclei are embedded in the deep cerebral white matter and in the brainstem

Question 19

Diencephalon

Answer 19

Develops from the prosencephalon which becomes the telencephalon and diencephalon. As the fetal brain matures, the telencephalon grows to surround the diencephalon.
The mature diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle and consists of thalamic structures.

Question 20

Cerebellum

Answer 20

Develops from the rhombencephalon, part of which becomes metencephalon then the pons and cerebellum. The close association between pons/cerebellum persists into the mature brain.

Question 21

Brain

Answer 21

The 3 parts of the brainstem develop from the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon.
The structures of the brainstem surround the 4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct.

Question 22

Mesencephalon/midbrain

Answer 22

Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct (passage which connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles)

Question 23

Metencephalon: Pons and cerebellum

Answer 23

The pons forms part of the floor of the 4th ventricle

Question 24

Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata

Answer 24

Contains the 4th ventricle
Continuous with the spinal cord

Question 25

Imaging modalities for the CNS

Answer 25

X ray: plain film
CT: computed tomography
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

Question 26

CNS imaging

Answer 26

Xray for certain fractures
CT for time sensitive - most acute situations
CT for initial scans for stroke, tumor
- MRI for follow up scans
MRI for multiple sclerosis, seizure

Question 27

Lumbar cistern

Answer 27

CSF chamber often used for spinal taps

Question 28

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column via the

Answer 28

intervertebral foramen

Question 29

Grey matter is composed of

Answer 29

neurons, their processes, and neuroglia
Subdivided into ventral, dorsal, and lateral columns