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Basic Science Test 1 > 1.5 > Flashcards

1.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

where do the upper and lower eyelids (palpebrae) meet?

A

at the medial and lateral canthi

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2
Q

Medial canthus

A

has a fleshy elevation called the lacrimal caruncle, which contains sweat and sebaceous glands
source of eye boogers

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3
Q

Superficial eye structures

A

include the cornea, which rests anterior to the iris/pupil and the bulbar conjunctiva which sits atop the sclera

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4
Q

What structures make up the walls of the bony orbit?

A

roof - mostly frontal bone
floor - maxilla and zygomatic
medial wall - ethmoid and lacrimal bones
lateral wall - zygomatic and sphenoid bones

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5
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

adduction: superior, inferior and medial rectus
abduction: superior and inferior oblique and lateral rectus

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6
Q

Innervation of eyeball

A

Main innervation of EOM - CN III (oculomotor)
EXCEPT for lateral rectus VI and superior oblique IV (LR6 SO4)

Extraocular muscles: CN III (oculomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN VI (abducens)

Nerve of vision: optic (CN II)

Sensation, lacrimation: trigeminal (CN V)

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7
Q

Trochlear nerve palsy

A

superomedial deviation

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8
Q

abducens nerve palsy

A

medial deviation

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9
Q

oculomotor nerve palsy

A

ptosis and deviation

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10
Q

Arterial supply to the eye

A

The primary blood supply to the orbit is the ophthalmic a. which branches off the internal carotid.

ECA:
The orbit receives some anastomotic blood from angular a. (branches from facial a.) and medial meningeal a.

Infraorbital a. supplied some of the orbital floor and branches from maxillary a.

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11
Q

Ophthalmic vv and danger triangle

A

The valveless ophthalmic vv provide a path for venous blood from danger triangle to drain into the cavernous sinus.
There is a possibility for infection to spread and cavernous sinus thrombosis

The danger triangle is the region of the face that can drain into the ophthalmic vv.

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12
Q

Support structures of the eyeball

A

bony orbit
adipose tissue
outer connective tissue that allows movement and support

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13
Q

Outer connective tissue of the eyeball

A

Anterior - conjunctiva
Posterior - bulbar fascia
- forms fascial sheath that maintains eye position
Episcleral space - loose connective tissue layer allowing eye movement

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14
Q

Conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that covers sclera and folds to form a membrane, coating inner eyelid surfaces
Function: lubrication

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15
Q

conjunctival sac

A

space between layers when eye is closed
- houses contact lenses and eye drops

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16
Q

conjunctivitis

A

any inflammation
EX: pink eye - conjunctival infection

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17
Q

Soft tissue associated with the eyeball

A

lacrimal gland
- located in orbit, superolateral to eye
- secretes into conjunctival sac
- N: facial n. (CN VII)

excess fluid –> lacrimal canaliculi –> lacrimal sac –> duct –> nasal cavity

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18
Q

Muscles of the eyelid

A

orbicularis oculi
levator palpebrae superioris
superior tarsal

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19
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

A: 2 parts - orbital (tight closing) and palpebral (gentle closing)
N: facial n (CN VII)

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20
Q

levator palpebrae superioris and superior tarsal

A

I: upper eyelid
A: raises upper eyelid
LP N: oculomotor n (CN III)
ST N: sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

facial nerve palsy

A

affects orbicularis oculi
- drooping lower lid and brow
- inability to close lids

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22
Q

oculomotor nerve palsy

A

affect levator palpebrae superioris

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23
Q

horner’s syndrome

A

affects sympathetic innervation to superior tarsal m

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24
Q

Nose and sinuses (label)

A
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25
Q

Label outer ear

A
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26
Q

Internal and External acoustic meatus

A

External - located between the mastoid process and zygomatic arch
Internal - opens in base of skull

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27
Q

Label external ear

A
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28
Q

Label middle ear

A
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29
Q

Eustachian tube

A

function: equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, allowing sound waves to be transmitted

anatomy:
- cartilaginous medial walls
- bony lateral walls
- “closed during resting state

muscles of the soft palate open/close
- opening is associated with yawning and swallowing

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30
Q

otitis media

A

acute otitis media - acute infection of middle ear fluid
- tympanic membrane is yellow or white, bulging, opaque, and or immobile
- severe, untreated OM can spread to mastoid bone and cause mastoiditis

31
Q

Label inner ear

A
32
Q

Parts of inner ear and their function

A

bony labyrinth - hollow space within petrous part of temporal bone
cochlea - hearing
vestibule and semicircular canals - balance

33
Q

Muscles of middle ear

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

34
Q

tensor tympani

A
  • tenses the tympanic membrane and reduces the amplitude of its oscillations
  • prevents damage to the internal ear during loud sounds
  • Innervated by CN V3 (mandibular)
35
Q

stapedius

A
  • inserts into neck of the stapes
  • reduces oscillatory range into the cochlea
  • reflex is to protect from loud noises
  • innervated by CN VII
36
Q

Arterial supply of ear

A

supply comes from branches of external carotid artery
- posterior auricular a
- superficial temporal a

37
Q

Innervations of ear

A

special senses: CN VIII - balance and cochlear sound
somatic sense: CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X
motor: CN V, CN VII

38
Q

Muscles involved in mastication

A

temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid

39
Q

temporalis

A

O - temporal bone
I - mandibular coronoid process
A - elevation and mandibular retraction

40
Q

masseter

A

O - zygomatic arch
I - ramus and angle of mandible
A - mandibular elevation

41
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

O - sphenoid bone
I - articular TMJ disk, mandibular condyle (pterygoid fovea)
A - protrudes and lateral mandibular movement

42
Q

medial pterygoid

A

O - sphenoid/ maxilla
I - deep surface of mandible angle
A - mandibular elevation

43
Q

Mastication muscle(s) responsible for depression

A

lateral pterygoid mm aided by auprahydoid mm

44
Q

Mastication muscle(s) responsible for elevation

A

masseter
medial pterigoigs
anterior temporalis fibers

45
Q

Mastication muscle(s) responsible for protrusion

A

both lateral and medial pterygoids

46
Q

Mastication muscle(s) responsible for retraction

A

posterior (horizontal) temporalis fibers

47
Q

Mastication muscle(s) responsible for lateral movement

A

lateral and medial pterygoids on one side only (primarily lateral)

48
Q

Neurovasculature of mastication muscles

A

CN V3 and maxillary a

  • lesion of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve will cause deviation of jaw toward affected side*
49
Q

TMJ synovial joint

A
  • modified hinge joint
  • articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage
  • articular disc divides synovial cavity into 2 compartments
50
Q

TMJ capsule

A

thin and lined by synovial membrane
loose joint capsule that allows movement

51
Q

TMJ temporomandubular (lateral) joint

A

function:
- reinforce lateral side of joints
- limit posterior movement of mandibular condyle

52
Q

Normal TMJ Movement

A
  • head of mandible and disc glide anteriorly on articular tubercle due to pull of the lateral pterygoid
53
Q

TMJ neurovasculature

A

CN 3 and maxillary a

54
Q

Dislocated TMJ joint movement

A
55
Q

Oral cavity

A

lips and cheek - fleshy, muscular folds lined by mucosa
gingiva - fibrous tissue covered by mucosa

2 regions:
- vestibule - narrow space between lips and teeth/gums
- oral cavity proper - large space dorsal to teeth

56
Q

hard palate

A

anterior portion
- palatine bones and maxillary process

57
Q

soft palate

A

posterior portion
skeletal muscle
uvula - extension thta covers naopharynx during swallowing
palatine tonsils - flank soft palate

58
Q

palatoglossal arch

A

from soft palate to lateral sides of the tongue
blue arrow in pic

59
Q

palatopharyngeal arch

A

from soft palate to lateral pharynx
posterior to palatoglossal arch

green line in pic

60
Q

palatine tonsils

A

between arches
tonsilitis

pink line in pic

61
Q

Tonsilitis

A
62
Q

Neurovasculature of oral cavity

A

CN V2 and V3
maxillary a.

63
Q

Describe the tongue.

A

muscular, glandular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper when mouth is closed

lingual papillae - house tase buds and grip food

lingual tonsils - lymph tissue on tongue

lingual frenulum - connective tissue anchoring inferior surface with floor of oral cavity

salivary glands empty via sublingual palpillae

compose of skeletal muscle and salivary glands

64
Q

Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

intrinsic - no bony attachments; alter shape of tongue
extrinsic - bony attachment; move tongue as a whole

65
Q

List extrinsic muscles of tongue

A

hypoglossus
stuyloglossus
genioglossus
palatoglossus

66
Q

Hypoglossus

A

A - depress and retract tongue
N - hypoglossal n (CN XII)

67
Q

Styloglossus

A

A - elevate and retract
N - hypoglossus n. (CN XII)

68
Q

Genioglossus

A

A - depress and protract
N - hypoglossal n (CN XII)

69
Q

Palatoglossus

A

A - elevate posterior tongue
N - CN X

70
Q

Floor of the mouth

A

Geniohyoid
- elevates hyoid
- depress mandible

Mylohyoid
- elevates floor during swallowing

71
Q

Label tongue

A
72
Q

Tongue neurovasculature

A

Motor inntervation:
- extrinsic and intrinsic mm: CN XII (hypoglossal)
- genioglossus m - protraction of tongue can demonstrate damage of CN XII. If paralyzed, pulls toward affected side

Sensory innervation:
- Anterior 2/3
* taste - CN VII, chorda tympani
* somatic - CN V3, lingual n
- Posterior 1/3
* taste - CN IX
* somatic - CN IX

73
Q

Arterial supply to tongue

A

external carotid artery branch: lingual artery

73
Q

Arterial supply to tongue

A

external carotid artery branch: lingual artery

Basic Science Test 1 (5 decks)

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