1.2 Flashcards
Zygopopheseal joint
located between inferior and superior articular facets
allows for small movements between vertebrae that contribute to overall mobility of the spine
Function of thoracic facets
limit flexion and extension but allow rotation
Function of lumbar facet joints
allow flexion and extension but limit side-to side rotation
Ligamentum flavum
present through spine and attach the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
contain elastic connective tissue that facilitates flex/ext of the spine
Cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves within dural sac
Cervical enlargement
located C5 - T1
source of nerves that supply the upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement
located in T11 - S2
source of nerves that supply the lower limbs
Filum Terminale
anchors inferior end of spinal cord and dural sac
Lumbar cistern
subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar spinal canal
contains cerebrospinal fluid and nerve roots of the cauda equina
Denticulate ligament
anchors the spinal cord at each side to the dura mater
Atlanto-occipital joint
located between the cranium and vertebral column
Motions of the vertebral column
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Vasculature of the vertebral column
Vertebrae are supplied by periosteal and equatorial branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries and their spinal branches.
Spinal branches enter the IV foramina and divide into anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches that pass to the vertebral body and vertebral arch.
Venous drainage
Internal and external vertebral venous plexus
Intervertebral veins
Spinal nerves
function in pain, proprioception, and sympathetic vasoconstriction
Post. (dorsal) roots are afferent and sensory.
Ant. (ventral) roots are efferent and motor.
When the ant. and post. roots exit the spinal cord and join together, they form the spinal nerve which carries both motor and sensory information.
The rami carry both sensory and motor information because they branch off the spinal nerve.
The muscles of the back are grouped into what three layers?
superficial
intermediate
deep
Facia of the deep muscles of the back
Facial coverings enclose the muscles
Nuchal ligament: separates the C3 - C5 spinous processes from the surface
Spinous process
Sacral crest
Deep muscles of the back: superficial group
Splenius mm.
Splenius captitis & splenius cervicis
Splenius capitis
Origin: nuchal ligament
Insertion: temporal and occipital bones
Action: lateral flexion, rotation, extension
Innervated: posterior rami, spinal nerves
Splenius cervicis
Origin: C7-T6
Insertion: C1-C4
Action: lateral flexion, rotation, extension
Innervated: posterior rami, spinal nerves
Deep muscles of the back: intermediate group
Erector spinae group
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Origin: ribs 3-6
Insertion: transverse processes of C4 - C6
Action: extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Innervation: dorsal rami
Deep muscles of the back: deep group
Transversospinalis Group
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
Semispinalis capitis
Origin: tips of transverse processes up upper 6/7 thoracis and C7 and from articular process of the 3 cervical above this
Insertion: between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone
Action: extension, draw head back, lateral flexion, and rotation
Innervation: dorsal rami
Multifidus
Origin: sacrum, posterior iliac spine, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracis vertebrae, articular processes of C4-C7
Insertion: Spinous process 2-4 vertebrae superior to the origin
Action: stabilize
Innervation: posterior branches
Rotatores breves
Origin: transverse processes of each thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: spinous processes of the vertebra above each respective origin
Action: extension and rotation of the vertebral column
Innervation: cervical, thoracic, and spinal nerves
Deep muscles of the back: suboccipital region
Rectus capitis: major and minor
Obliquus capitis: superior and inferior
Rectus capitis major
Origin: spinous process of the axis C2
Insertion: lateral part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
Action: extension and rotation
Innervation: dorsal ramus of C1
Obliquus capitis superior
Origin: upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas
Insertion: occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal line
Action: extension, flexion to the ipsilateral side
Innervation: posterior primary division of the spinal nerves
Suboccipital triangle
formed by the suboccipital mm
Origin: C1 and C2
Insertion: inferior nuchal line, C1 and occiput
Action: move head
Innervation: C1
arterial supply
segmental arteries arising from neighboring arteries
innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves
Iliocostalis thoracis
Origin: upper borders of the angles of lower 6 ribs medial to lumborum insertion
Insertion: upper borders of the angles of upper 6 ribs into back of C7 transverse process
Action: extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Innervation: dorsal rami of C8, thoracic and upper lumbar nerves
Iliocostalis lumborum
Origin: iliac crest and lateral portion of common erector spinae tendon
Insertion: inferior borders of angles of lower 6/7 ribs
Action: extension, lateral flexion, rotation, rib depression
Innervation: dorsal rami, thoracic and upper lumbar nerves
Semispinalis cervicis
Origin: Transverse process of T1-T6
Insertion: Spinous process of C2-C7
Action: extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Innervation: dorsal rami
Semispinalis thoracis
Origin: transverse processes of T6-T12
Insertion: Spinous processes of C6-T4
Action: extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Innervation: dorsal rami
Rotatores longi
Origin: transverse processes of each thoracic vertebra
Insertion: spinous process of the vertebra two above that origin
Action: extension and rotation of vertebral column
Innervation: cervical, thoracic, and spinal nerves
Rectus capitis minor
Origin: tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas
Insertion: medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum
Action: extension
Innervation: branch of dorsal primary division of suboccipital nerve
Obliquus capitis inferior
Origin: apex of the spinous process of the axis
Insertion: interior and dorsal part of the transverse process of the atlas
Action: rotation of head and C1
Innervation: posterior primary division of the spinal nerves
