1.5

Question 1

carbonyl group

Answer 1

carbon double bonded to an O, functional group responsible for properties in aldeydes and ketones

Question 2

methanal

Answer 2

formaldehyde

Question 3

aldehydes

Answer 3

terminal carbonyl group

Question 4

ketones

Answer 4

non-terminal cabonyl group

Question 5

properties of ketones and aldehydes

Answer 5

polar due to c-o bonds (D-D), stonger than alkanes but weaker than alchohols, lower boilng point and less soluble than alcohols, good solvents due to ability to dissolve polar and non-polar which depends on how big R group is, small aldehydes/ketones = completely soluble, size ++ = solubility down

Question 6

reactions of carbonyl groups

Answer 6

controlled oxidation and hydrgoenation

Question 7

controlled oxidation

Answer 7

primary alcohols = aldehyde + water
secondary = ketone + water
tertirary = no reaction
alcohol  =(O) aldehyde/ ketone + water
(o) = oxidzing agent = oxygen rich compounds = cr2o72- and KMnO4

Question 8

hydrogenation

Answer 8

need high temp, preassure + catalyst

aldehyde/ ketone + h2 = alcohol

Question 9

carboxylic acid

Answer 9

weak acid with a carbonyl and alcohol group attaches, sour/ tangy taste, polar, strong h-bonding and dipole-dipole, small Ca are soluble in water but solubility decreases as size does, higher melting, bigger np end = more ld, neutralizes

Question 10

ester

Answer 10

organic compound cotnaining a carbonyl group bonded to a O bonded to a R group, responsible for odour and flavourings, no hydroxyl group = less polar than ca = no H-bonding, small ester are more soluble in water due to polarity of c-o bonds. less soluble than Ca + lower boiling, polarity = similar to aldehyde/ketones, organic salt

Question 11

ester reactions

Answer 11

esterfication, hydrolysis and saponification

Question 12

ca reactions

Answer 12

contorlled oxidization of a aldhyde

Question 13

esterfication

Answer 13

ca + alcohol with h2so4 makes ester + water

Question 14

hydrolysis

Answer 14

ester + strong base = alcohol + salt of acid

Question 15

nh

Answer 15

amino functional group

Question 16

adrenline

Answer 16

epinephrine

Question 17

amine

Answer 17

oraginc compound relates to ammonia which has an N boned to an alkyl group, polar, strong unpleasant odour as fishy, offensive decay and decomp odour, n-h bonds allow h-bonidng, higher boiling than similar sized hydrocarbons, smaller = more soluble, weak bases that neturalize, found in plants and have medicinal properties

Question 18

degree of amines

Answer 18

primary has the most h-bonding where as 3 has none

Question 19

amide

Answer 19

ca + amine, caontains a cabronyl group bonded to a N, weak base, insoluble in water, small = slightly soluble, acetaminophen, urea

Question 20

main component in pain killers

Answer 20

acetaminophen

Question 21

found in urine of mamals and used as a fertlizer

Answer 21

urea

Question 22

amine reaction

Answer 22

preperation - alkyl halide + ammonia/1 or 2 amine = amien + h___

Question 23

amide reactions

Answer 23

condensation reaction - ca + amine = amide + water

hydrolysis - amide + water = ca + amine

Question 24

3 types of linkages

Answer 24

c-c (playstic), c-o (ester) and c-n (Amine)

Question 25

polymer

Answer 25

large molecule made up of repeating monomer sequences

Question 26

types of polyemers

Answer 26

homopolymers (only one type of monomer, can only do add reactions) and copolymers (two types, add and condestaion reactions)

Question 27

addition polymer reactions

Answer 27

free radical (Initiation), chain porpgation (propogates) and termination via terminator

Question 28

condensation polymer reaction

Answer 28

a difunctional group is added to make either polyesters or polyamides following reaction and can keep going but will stop when a singular is added to the compound

Question 29

natural polymers

Answer 29

silk, cotton, wool, linen, cellulose

Question 30

synthetic polymers

Answer 30

plastic, nylon, ryon, polyester

Question 31

polymerization

Answer 31

the process of chain reactions by which monomers are linked together to form a polymer

Question 32

cross linkage

Answer 32

polymers which are unstaurated are attracted to one another via intemroleculer attraction between polymers and there form interlocking bond like a net between polymers making the structure strong, rigid and inflexible

Question 33

properties of polymers

Answer 33

unreactive - unsaturated alkanes
mouldable / flexible - weak intermolecular foces, np
strength - degree of cross linkage
diff side groups make diff properties