15-1

Question 1

what is salinity?

Answer 1

measure of amount of solids dissolved in water, measured in grams of dissolved solid per kg of water

Question 2

what are the sources of sea salt?

Answer 2

1. river runoff adds sodium and water
2. Volcanoes add chlorine and water

Question 3

what is the evolutionary origin of ocean?

Answer 3

Volcanoes spewed lava, ash, water vapor, carbon dioxide, eventually cooled enough to condense and form precipitation, began to fill in low areas called ocean basins. millions of years old

Question 4

what is Noah’s flood origin of ocean?

Answer 4

fountains of deep, sky opened to cause flood. “Seas” of creation may now be bigger than before flood, slight increase in salinity, current rate of increase and concentration now, suggests oceans only around for a few thousand years

Question 5

how can salinity be lowered ?

Answer 5

1. Adding fresh water to it by rain, snow, and melting icebergs
2. Mouths of large rivers add lots of fresh water

Question 6

how can salinity be increased?

Answer 6

1. Concentration near dry tropical areas
2. Near the poles the salt water freezes into ice, leaving salt behind

Question 7

describe how surface salinity in polar areas have seasonal changes

Answer 7

in the winter - salinity increases, in the summer - salinity decreases

Question 8

describe temperature variation with latitude

Answer 8

High latitude regions (near poles): Water temperature does not change
low-latitude regions (near equator): water temperature decreases

Question 9

describe temperature variation with depth

Answer 9

surface waters warmed by sun, higher temps than deeper water

Question 10

what is thermocline?

Answer 10

sudden temperature change in low latitude ocean water

Question 11

what is isothermal?

Answer 11

water column with no thermocline (same, heat)

Question 12

what is water density?

Answer 12

determines water’s vertical position in the ocean, colder dense water will sink below warmer less dense water

Question 13

what are factors affecting seawater density?

Answer 13

salinity and temperature

Question 14

describe the factors of the comparison of density between seawater and fresh water

Answer 14

seawater has greater density than fresh water. greater density = greater buoyancy. less dense objects float in seawater. Increase in salinity adds dissolved substance in water which increases density.
Warm areas have warmer water on it’s surface, water less dense because of higher temperature. Cold polar regions have sea water with highest density for two reasons: more dense, more salinity

Question 15

what is pycnocline?

Answer 15

deeper you go into ocean at low latitude (near equator): water density increases

Question 16

at high latitude what happens to the density?

Answer 16

stays the same, no pycnocline

Question 17

what is ocean water made up of?

Answer 17

freshwater, 3% dissolved salts (sodium and chloride)

Question 18

what is the surface mixed zone?

Answer 18

it’s the ocean zone with the highest temperature and mixing of waves, currents, and tides

Question 19

what is the transition zone?

Answer 19

it’s the ocean zone where temperatures drop abruptly with depth, where thermocline is

Question 20

what is the deep zone?

Answer 20

it’s the ocean zone where sunlight does not reach and most of the water is. no rapid. change in temp or density