Geography Paper 1 Case Studies (Natural) Flashcards

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1
Q

Amazon rainforest details

A

Amazon rainforest details:
-40% of South America’s land mass
-Hot, wet climate
-Dense vegetation
-Diverse biosphere
->10 million insect species + 300 million trees
->Evaporation from Atlantic contributes to high precipitation
->Stores 80-120 gigatons of carbon per year
->Termperatures range between 26-28
->2000mm+ precipitation annually

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2
Q

Impacts on the water cycle in the Amazon Rainforest

A

Impacts on the water cycle in the Amazon Rainforest:
-Evaporation from the Atlantic contrinbutes to high rainfall
-HIgh temp = high evaporation = high precipitation
-Dense canopy -> affected by deforestation -> less interception = more surface runoff = more flooding
>Deforestation (eg for timber) -> 15% less water held in soil -> soil more susceptible to erosion -> higher run-off rates

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3
Q

Impacts on the carbon cycle of the Amazon Rainforest

A

Impacts on the carbon cycle of the Amazon Rainforest:
-Large cabon sink
-CO2 sequestration increases as vegetation uses CO2 -> deforestation releases the CO2 -> climate change + less vegetation
->Slash and burn techniques means water carries ash into ground -> increased carbon in soil and rivers

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4
Q

How the impacts on the amazon rainforest are overcome?

A

How the impacts on the amazon rainforest are overcome:
-Selective logging
-Replanting
-Environmental laws
-Protection
-REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation)
->Norway supports financial aid to not deforest areas
->However, political agendas can overthrow mitigation achievements

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5
Q

River Exe Details

A

River Exe Details:
-Exeter
-Flows 80km of water and has a high drainage density
->Geology = 80% impermeable rock (sandstone)
-Extensive network of tributaries
-Rural, vegetation upper middle course
-Urban lower course
-Wimbleball resevoir and the restoration of peatbog are projects that has affected the water cycle and balance

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6
Q

What is the Wimbleball resevoir of River Exe?

A

Wimbleball resevouir of river exe:
* SA = 150 hectares.
* Supplies water to Exmoor and East Devon.
* Regulates water flow ensuring a constantly steady regime.
* Prevents peaks and troughs of water discharge - reducing flood risk.

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7
Q

What is the peatbog rsetoration of River Exe? (Exmoore Mires Project)

A

Peatbog Restoration of River Exe (Exmoore Mire Project)
1. Increases water content.
2. returns ground to natural saturated, boggy conditions.
3. Helps retain carbon within the peat.
4. Means more water storage in upper catchment.
5. Improves water quality.

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8
Q

Sundarbans Details

A

Sundarbans details:
-Located in Bangladesh
-Consists of mangroves that developed due to scuession as deposition occurs across the bay
-Bengal Bay
-Vegetation low-lying
-3 rivers, including Meghna

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9
Q

Threats to the Sundarbans

A

Threats to the Sundarbans:
-Removal of mangroves -> vulerneable to tropical storms
-Retreating coast
-Increased sea temperature -> increased salinity
->Overfishing
->Emmigration of workers

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10
Q

Impacts of threats on Sundarbans

A

Impacts of threats on Sundarbans
-Reduced agricultural land
-Oveexploitation of fish farming
-Job workers emmigrating

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11
Q

Responses to the threats to Sundarbans

A

Responses to the threats to Sundarbans:
-Establishment of wildlife refuge areas
-Temporary fishing camps
-Ecotourism - wildlife sanctuaries, bengal tigers, economic benefit
-Embankments

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12
Q

Sefton Coast Formby Point Case study details

A

Sefton Coast Formby Point Case study details:
-Sand dune systems
-1920-1970 lost 700m due to periodic stores and high tides (natural hazards - positive feedback)

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13
Q

Human and natural threats to Sefton Coast

A

Human and natural threats to Sefton Coast:
-Natural = periodic storms, high tides
-Human = dredging -> diminishes sediment natural barrier and waves have more energy, hard engineering defences of groynes increase further flooding, offroad vehicles, trampling of dunes

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14
Q

Sefton Coast management strategies against the eroded coastline

A

Sefton Coast management strategies against the eroded coastline: = soft engineering strategies
-beach nourishment
-boardwalk
-signposting
-education + awareness
-control the level of sand extraction
All methods counteract the positive feedback system, restoring the balance to reach negative feedback

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15
Q

HeySham + Morecomb case study details

A

HeySham + Morecomb case study details:
-Lancashire coast
-1989->2018 £80 million coast
-Mixed hard engineering and sustainable methods

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16
Q

Heysham and morecomb coastal defences

A

Heysham and morecomb coastal defences:
-Hold the line
-Repair and strengthening of groynes
-Rock groynes used using local limestone
-Repairing of sea wall

17
Q

Details and vulnerability of Multi-hazardous Environment The Phillipines

A

Details and vulnerability of Multi-hazardous Environment The Phillipines:
-7,000 islands
-south east asia
-near destructive plate boundary -> phillipine plate subducts under eurasion (continental) plate
-earthquakes, landslides, typhoons, tsunami’s, droughts, floodings
-dense population -> deforestation of upland areas increases flooding and landslide risks
-economic ddeprivation -> poor infrastructure and education
-coastal

18
Q

Japan Tohoku Earthquake details

A

Japan Tohoku Earthquake details:
-March 2011
-9.0 magnitude
-Pacific + Eurasian plate converges at destructive plate boundary
-Small eathquakes occured after main shock
-Tsunami due to plate uplifting and pressure

19
Q

Impacts of the Japan Tohoku Earthquake

A

Impacts of the Japan Tohoku Earthquake:
-16,000 died
-300,000 buildings destroyed
-Nuclear Meltdown

20
Q

Primary responses of the Japan Tohoku Earthquake

A

Primary responses of the Japan Tohoku Earthquake:
-Tsunami warnings
-US military
-Evacuation

21
Q

Secondary responses of the Japan Tohoku earthquake

A

Secondary responses of the Japan Tohoku earthquake:
-Emergency services
-Government funding
-Earthquake-proof buildings

22
Q

Contrast to the Tohoku Japan Earthquake

A

Contrast to the Tohoku Japan Earthquake:
-2015 Nepal Earthquake - LIC - less preparation and aid reliant, millions left homeless after

23
Q

Alberta Wildfire

A

Alberta:
->Located in Canada within the city of Fort McMurray
->2016 May wildfires
->Destroyed 1600 homes and a city-wide evacuation
->£500,000 insurance bill
->Power grid damaged + oil sands halted
->Response: rebuilding funds, financial aid, firefighters from other countries

24
Q

Mt Ontake, Japan - Eruption

A

->Phreatic eruption (gas-driven explosion) which occured in 2014
->Found along Ring of Fire, at a destructive plate margin
->Composite volcano so there was a dense pyroclastic flow, trapping 250 people along the slope
->50 deaths
->Limited response = difficult to make prediction due to lack of eruption signs. However, 1000 Japanese rescue workers were sent out.