1460-61: Lancastrian Resistance Flashcards
When did Margaret raise her Northern army? Where? Who led it?
late 1460
Hull
Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter
Who raised men for Margaret in the North? And the South?
Northumberland
Somerset & Devon
Where did Margaret flee to after Northampton? Why?
Harlech, Wales
strong influence of Jasper Tudor
When was the Battle of Wakefield? Who was killed?
30 Dec 1460
York, Rutland + Salisbury
What did Margaret’s army do after Wakefield?
march South
Where was Margaret during the Battle of Wakefield? Why?
Lincluden, Scotland
sought an alliance with the Scots
Who did Edward of March try stop from meeting other Lancastrians in late 1460?
Jasper Tudor
Who did Margaret seek to arrange a marriage between? Why? What was given up to secure this?
Edward of Wales + James III’s sister
to secure support of Scots
Berwick
When was the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross? Where was it?
2 Feb 1461
Welsh Marches
Which Scottish royal did Margaret impress when she fled to Scotland? What was her role?
Mary of Guelders
Regent for James III
Who was involved in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross? Who won?
Edward of March vs Jasper Tudor, Owen Tudor & Wiltshire
Yorkist victory
What was the phenomenon that appeared in the sky before the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross? Who capitalised on it? How?
Parhelion (sun-dog)
Edward of March
convinced his men it was a sign from God of victory
Who was executed after the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross? Where?
Owen Tudor
Hereford
When was the Second Battle of St. Albans?
17 Feb 1461
Who was involved in the Second Battle of St. Albans? Who won?
Margaret’s forces vs Warwick
Lancastrian victory
What were the consequences of the Second Battle of St. Albans? What did the Lancastrians do after?
Lancastrians regain Henry VI
plundered St. Albans Abbey, and marched South to London
When were the Lancastrians denied access to London? Why?
22 Feb 1461
London felt isolated from Lancs due to regional polarisation, unpopular commercial policies and perceived violent Northern army
When were the Yorkists allowed access to London? Who organised this?
27 Feb 1461
George Neville, Bishop of Exeter
When was Edward IV declared King? By who? Where?
4th Mar 1461
George Neville, Bishop of Exeter
St. Paul’s Cathedral
What justified Edward IV’s claim to the throne?
Act of Accord was violated by death of York at Wakefield
When were Margaret’s alliance terms with Scotland publicised? Where?
20 Jan 1461
York
How did Edward IV contribute to Towton preparations?
- raised £4,000 in London
- marched North slowly, so Warwick + Howard could join
How did Warwick contribute to Towton preparations?
- raised forces in Lanc-dominated Midlands
- dealt with and executed the “Bastard of Exeter”
When was the Battle of Ferrybridge? Who was killed?
28 Mar 1461
Lord Clifford (Lanc)
When was the Battle of Towton? What was the weather like?
29 Mar 1461
severe wind and snow
Who was involved at the Battle of Towton? How many men on each side? Who won?
Edward IV, Warwick, Facounberg vs Somerset + Northumberland
25,000 Yorkists vs 30,000 Lancs
Yorkist victory
What happened after the Battle of Towton?
Henry VI + Margaret flee to Scotland
Whose late arrival at the Battle of Towton reinforced Yorkists and changed the battle?
John de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
What river were the Lancastrians backed up against at the Battle of Towton?
Cock Beck
Which influential Lancastrians died at Towton? Who was executed after?
Northumberland, Lord Welles, Lord Dacre and Sir Andrew Trollope
Devon and Wiltshire
Where did Margaret’s Northern army pillage as they marched South in Jan-Feb 1460? Which town did this cause to switch sides?
Grantham & Stamford, Lincolnshire
Coventry
Which traditional Yorkists did Edward of March recruit from Wales?
Walter Devereux & William Herbert
Where did March spend Christmas of 1460?
Gloucester
Who did the Lancastrians execute after the Second Battle of St. Albans?
Lord Bonville & Sir Thomas Kyriell
Where were Henry VI and Margaret when they found out about Towton? What was their response?
York
fled North to Scotland
