146 Maintenance Flashcards
- microscopic, causes diseases
* classifications: fungi, bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, nematodes, viroids
Pathogens
- pathogen dispersed through mycelia & spores (thread-like growth)
- found in air
Fungi
- one-celled pathogen
* reproduce by cell division
Bacteria
- pathogen
- complex molecules that infect, multiply
- act like living organisms in plant
Viruses
- pathogens
- no rigid wall
- bigger than viruses, smaller than bacteria
Mycoplasma
- thread-like roundworms
- occur in soil and plant parts
- interfere with plant functions (attack roots)
- Control: cut of infected roots and replant; soil fumigant
Nematodes
• like viruses with no rigid cell wall
• infects only plants
• smaller than viruses (infects all types)
Viroids
- kills host cells & slows metabolism
- blocks food, water and nutrient passage
- taking over genetic control
- absorbing/ consuming cell contents
- multiplies in great numbers
Pathogens
- enters through wounds and natural openings (stomates, leaf scars)
- spread by contact w/ infected plants or tools
Pathogens
Control:
• cover wound w/ antiseptic prep (white lead, tar, or paint)
• lime into the ground
• fungicide - Bordeaux mixture (copper sulphate, lime and water)
Pathogens
- chewing insect
- voracious feeders
- cause extensive damage to leaves and fruits
- control: kill instantly, spray with stomach poison
Caterpillar
- chewing insect - feeds on leaves and buds at night
- enemy of rose growers
- control: hand-pick at night, 2x a week; light traps
Beetles
- chewing insect
- Control: paradichlorbenzene crystals to the soil
- stems turn yellow, dies down to its roots
- larva of beetles
Grubworms (ulalo) > toy beetles (salagubang)
Wireworms
- sucking insect
- soft-bodied, pear-shaped
- secretes colorless honeydew (attracts ants)
- sooty mold (black fungus)
- Control: tobacco juice or soap
Aphids / Plant Lice
- sucking insect
- puncture plant tissue and suck juices (winged males are harmless)
- white specks
Scales / Mealy Bugs
- microscopic sucking insects
- causes leaf spots
- red, brown, black or white
- rapid infestation, 10 days for full life cycle
Mites
Control:
• Contact poison (nicotine sulphate or Blackleaf 40)
• soap + Blackleaf 40
• Tobacco juice
Sucking insects
Control: • Stomach Poison (lead arsenate, 2-5 tb per gallon of water) • DDT • Endrine • Malathione
Chewing Insects
• plant eater • prolific, produces thousands of eggs • Control: metaldehyde baits clean and tidy garden area pour boiling water/ salt lime
Snails
Consists of:
Endrine
Resitox
Malathion
Insecticides
Type of poison
• arsenate of lead (slow-acting, poisonous, doesn’t burn leaves)
• calcium arsenate (injures tender foliage)
• paris green
Stomach Poisons
Type of poison
• paris green baits (for grasshoppers and beetles)
• mateldehyde baits
stomach poisons
Type of poison
• nicotine sulphate
• kerosene emulsion
• soap spray (aphids and thrips)
Contact poisons
Water pressure inside cells that make up plant skeleton, keeps it from wilting
Turgor
Flat, disc-shaped bodies within the chloroplasts
Arrange themselves in rows
Grana
Weight (%) of water in foliage plant
85%
- Helps in plant’s vegetative and reproductive stages
- stems, leaves, growth
- most important element lacking in soil
- 10
* best applied with combination of ammonium and nitrate
Nitrogen (N)
- essential to all plant growth functions
- hastens maturity and stiffens tissues
- best in liquid form
Phosphorous (P)
- maintains plant vigor
- increase resistance to disease
- more difficult to leach
Potassium (K)
- integral component of cell walls
- needed in new tissue
- forms: lime, dolomite - corrects acidic soils
Calcium (Ca)
- comprises nucleus of chlorophyll
- respiration, Nitrogen assimilation
* smol amounts onli
Magnesium (Mg)
- absence causes chlorosis (pale and yellow leaves)
* amino acids, proteins, oils
Sulfur (S)
- gives green color to leaves (nucleus of protochlorophyll)
- best in chelated form (combined w others)
- catalyst for ongoing chemical reactions
Iron (Fe)
- dependent on bacterial action to release nutrients
- slow-acting type of fertilizer
- types: blood, bone meal, manure, sludge
Organic Fertilizer
Process of multiplying / increasing number of plants of the same species and at the same time
Plant Propagation
- type of propagation
* most economical and fastest
Sexual Propagation
- Type of plant propagation
* Development of new plant (natural or artificial) without the use of seeds
Asexual Propagation
- Type of asexual propagation
- plant multiplication by means of the growing parts (crown, suckers, tubers, root stock, corms, rhizomes, etc
- i.e. gabi, sweet potato, strawberry, pineapple, garlic
Vegetative / Natural Propagation
- Type of asexual propagation
- multiplication by use of parts and buds from mother plant
- methods: cuttings, layering, marcotting, grafting, budding and inarching
- i.e. ornamentals, grapes, black pepper, fruit trees
Artificial Propagation
Propagation starting from very small plants grown aseptically in test tubes or other containers
Aseptic Micropropagation
- Type of asexual propagation
* detached portion from mother plant (1/3 to 1/2 length) is inserted in soil
Cutting
- type of asexual propagation
- inducing branch / twigs to produce roots while still attached to parent plant
- cambium layer scraped off
- wrapped with moist sphagnum moss
Marcotting / Air Layering
- type of asexual propagation
- joining rootstock and scion until permanent union
- whip and tongue method is most ideal
Grafting
- plant propagation method of inserting a single bud from a desirable plant into an opening in the bark of a compatible rootstock
- types: shield (citrus) and patch (fruit trees with thick bark)
Budding
- plant propagation method of bending a branch and submerging it into the soil
- also suitable for fast-growing vines
Layering
- plant propagation method of dividing underground stems or new shoots
- can be used in rhizomes, tubers, palms, clumps of daisies, or suckers
Separation
Type of fertilizer
- aids soil aeration and drainage
- reduces compaction
- used when soil is needed to dry out completely before watering (i.e. cactus)
Perlite
Type of fertilizer
- absorbs water for plants that require damp soil
- good for seed starting
- can cause root rot (less oxygen for plants)
Vermiculite
A long, stick-like tool used to make holes for seeds and seedlings to make sure they’re sufficiently buried in the soil without damage
Dibber
Garden tool smaller than a shovel; used for breaking up earth, digging holes, etc.
Trowel
Plant Family
- flowering
- common house plants
- perennials, evergreen
- heart / arrow leaves
- toxic
- alocasia, monstera, peace lily, ivy
Araceae
Plant Family
- hollow stems
- parallel veins
- leaves weapped around stems
- capitate (flowers shaped like a head/ located at the end of stems)
- grass, corn, wheat, oats
Poaceae
Grasses
Plant Family
- flowering
- edible
- okra, durian, hibiscus, cotton tree
Malvaceae
Plant Family
- disk florets
- sunflowers, daisies, chrysantemums, dandelions
Asteraceae
Sunflower Family
Plant Family
- agricultural
- beans, peas, peanuts, lentils
Fabaceae
Peas / Legumes
Plant Family
- edible (veggies) or toxic
- eggplant, tomato, potato, capsicum
Solanaceae
Nightshade
