1450 to 1750 (CED) Flashcards
Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750. (Political)
- Land-based empires that sprung up after the fall of the Mongols expanded by increased use of gunpowder (MOMS):
— Manchus/Qing: – After the foreign rule of the Mongols, the truly Chinese Ming Dynasty was established by the Han, until another group of outsiders known as the Manchu established the Qing Dynasty. (Mongols to Ming to Manchu)
— Ottomans: — By controlling the waterway known as Dardanelles, Ottoman sultan Mehmed II captured the capital of the Christian Byzantine Empire and changed the name from Constantinople to Istanbul.
— Mughals: – Babur was the founder of the Muslim Mughal Empire after defeating the Delhi Sultanate. Babur’s grandson Akbar expanded the empire even further but was tolerant of Hindus and other non-Muslims.
— Safavids: – After a shah named Ismail declared the Safavid Empire a Shia Muslim state, a man named Shah Abbas expanded the Safavid military and its territory. - The growth of empires often led to political and religious conflicts between states. Examples include:
– Safavid-Mughal conflict: — The Shia claim the successor to Muhammad can only be a blood relative and the Sunni say he can elected. A religious conflict where Shia Safavids clashed with the Sunni Mughal over lands in modern Afghanistan originally controlled by the Mughals.
– Songhai-Morrocan conflict: – When the Songhai empire started to weaken because of internal problems, the Morrocan successfully defeated them to obtain control of the trans-Saharan trade routes.
Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750. (Political)
Bureaucracies and Militaries:
– Ottoman Devshirme bureaucrats: – kidnapped European children who assumed administrative jobs.
– Ottoman Devshirme Janisarries: – kidnapped European children converted to soliders
Religion, Art, and Architecture:
– Divine right of kings in Europe (religion)
– Human Sacrifice by the Aztecs (religion)
– Portraits of the Qing emperor (art)
– Palace of Versailles (architecture)
– Sun Temple in Cuzco (architecture)
Tax Collection Systems:
– Mughal zamindar system: Hindu nobility were used to collect taxes.
– Ottoman tax farming: allowed the highest bidder to take over taxing the people.
Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750. (Cultural)
Belief systems unified and divided empires:
– Christianity in Europe: The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions. Both the Protestant and Catholic Reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.
– Islam in the Middle East: The conflict between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the division between Sunni and Shia.
– Sikhism in South Asia: Sikhism developed in from interactions between Hinduism and Islam in the Mughal Empire.
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750. (Innovation)
Transoceanic travel and trade was made possible by Europeans innovating their own technologies and also adopting technologies after being exposed to them along major trade routes.
Adopted Technologies from classical, Islamic, and Asian:
– magnetic compass (from China)
– astrolabe (from the Greeks)
– lateen sail (from the Arabs)
– astronomical charts (from the Greeks)
European Innovations:
– caravel (Portuguese)
– carrack (Portuguese)
– fluyt (Dutch)
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750. (Political)
The development of sea-based empires was sponsored by the state.
This was because after the Black Death, European populations were beginning to grow again, and monarchs began consolidating power for themselves (away from the nobility) and like land-based empires
– built up militaries that used gunpowder
– implemented tax collection systems.
The motivation was obtaining access to Asian spices without using the trade routes controlled by the land-based empires.
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. (Economic)
Portugal’s Trading Post Empire:
Portuguese development of maritime
technology and navigational skills led to
increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.
– Causes: landlocked, maritime technology, economic motivations, and religious motivations.
– Effects: developed trading posts instead of colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean.
Spain’s Sea-Based Empire:
Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of
Columbus and subsequent voyages across
the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
– Causes: search for western route to Asia
– Effect: american colonies and slave trade
Other States’ Empires:
Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. Portugal and Spain were first, but this was driven by political rivalry.
Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. (Environment)
Definition and Causes:
The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.
Effects:
– Disease: smallpox, measles, and malaria substantially reduced the indigenous populations.
– Plants and Food: American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, and sugar were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted
nutritionally from the increased diversity of
American food crops.
– Animals: Europeans brought pigs, sheep, cattle and horses.
Explain the process of state-building and expansion among various empires and states in the period 1450 to 1750. (Political)
European Trade Ascendency: Europeans established new trading posts in
Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks.
– Portuguese
– Spanish
– Dutch
– British
Asian Resistance: Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. For example:
– Ming China
– Tokugawa Japan
Expansion of African States: The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa and their influence:
– Asante and the
– Kingdom of the Kongo
Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. (Economic)
Continuity: Despite some disruption due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.
Change: Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas utilized the existing Incan mit’a labor system, and introduced 4 new labor systems:
– chattel slavery
– indentured servitude
– encomienda
– hacienda system
Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750. (Social)
Continuity: Traditional slavery in Africa continued, including the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean:
– slaves were assimilated into cultures
– slaves were domestic servant girls (Islam)
– slaves rose to political/military positions
Changes: The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to changes:
– purchased more male slaves
– the size of the slave trade was bigger
– slavery had a racial component
Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period 1450 to 1750. (Political)
Mercantilism: Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories.
Joint Stock companies: Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade. Spain/Portugal declining b/c they funded w/o joint stock companies
– Dutch East India Company
– French and British
Disputes and Rivalries: Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states seeking colonies to maintain a favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports).
Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750. (Economics)
Change: The rise of the Atlantic trading system, which involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves, between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere.
– sugar from the Carribean
– silver from Potosi Bolivia
– coerced labor of Indians
– indentured servants
– African slaves
Continuity:
– Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia and continued to be controlled by land-based empires.
– Peasant and artisan labor continued and
intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased, which increased their production for export.
Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750. (Social)
The slave trade had social effects.
– gender imbalance: The labor-instensive agricultural economy in the Americas depleted the male population in Africa, which led to changing family structures like the practice of pologny (marrying more than one woman).
– cultural synthesis: The Atlantic trading system involved the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis. (creole languages)
Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750. (Cultural)
KC-4.1.VI
Interactions between the Eastern and Western hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered developed existing religions:
– missionaries sent to colonies
– European language/culture introduced
– printing press spread ideas fast
Interactions also contributed to:
– religious conflicts
– development of syncretic belief systems
Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750. (Political)
Local Resistance: State expansion and centralization led to
resistance from social, political, and economic groups on a local level.
– Fronde
– Queen Nzinga
– Pueblo revolt
Enslaved Resistance: Slave resistance also challenged existing
authorities in the Americas.
– Maroon societies in Caribbean and Brazil
– Stono Rebellion (South Carolina)
