1750 to 1900 (CED) Flashcards
Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900. (Cultural)
What was the Enlightenment? Enlightenment philosophies applied reason and experimentation to the understanding of human society. (Similar to the way the Scientific Revolution had previously applied reason and experimentation to the natural world)
One of the crucial components of the Enlightenment was the reexamination of the role that religion played in public life because it represented a shift of authority from God to humans. New ways of relating to God developed:
-Atheism: complete rejection of God.
-Deism: belief in God who doesn’t intervene
What were the Enlightenment Political Ideas:
1. Individualism: the basic element of society is the individual human and not collective groups.
2. Natural Rights: individual humans are born with rights (like life liberty and property) that were given by God and can’t be taken away by a government.
3. Social Contract: humans must construct governments of their own will that can be overthrown if they don’t protect their natural rights.
Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time. (Cultural)
Effects of Enlightenment Ideas:
- ideological context for the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions (these revolutions intensified nationalism across the world).
- Expansion of Suffrage (right to vote) and emerging feminist movement that challenged gender hierarchies.
- Abolition of slavery
- End of serfdom
Explain the causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900. (Political)
Causes:
1. Rise of Nationalism: a new sense of commonality based on shared language,
religion, social customs, and desire for territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity.
2. Political Dissent: dissatisfaction with monarchies and imperial rule.
3. New ways of thinking from Enlightenment philosophers:
– popular sovereignty: power to govern was in the hands of the people.
– democracy: people must have the right to vote and influence the government
– Liberalism: emphaisized the protection of civil rights, representative government, protection of private property, and economic freedom.
American Revolution:
After the British incurred substantial debts from the 7 Years War, they imposed new taxes and curtailed freedoms in the American colonies, which caused the colonists to start a revolution based on Enlightenment ideas. In fact, the Declaration of Independence included ideas about popular sovereignty, natural rights, and the social contract.
French Revolution:
KC-5.3.I.B
The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers,
as reflected in revolutionary documents—
including the American Declaration of
Independence during the American Revolution,
the French “Declaration of the Rights of
Man and of the Citizen” during the French
Revolution, and Bolívar’s “Letter from Jamaica”
on the eve of the Latin American revolutions—
influenced resistance to existing political
authority, often in pursuit of independence and
democratic ideals.
KC-5.3.II.iii
Newly imagined national communities often
linked this new national identity with borders
of the state, and in some cases, nationalists
challenged boundaries or sought unification of
fragmented regions.
Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. (Environment)
KC-5.1.I.A
A variety of factors contributed to the growth
of industrial production and eventually resulted
in the Industrial Revolution, including:
§ Proximity to waterways; access to rivers
and canals
§ Geographical distribution of coal, iron,
and timber
§ Urbanization
§ Improved agricultural productivity
§ legal protection of private property
§ Access to foreign resources
§ Accumulation of capital
KC-5.1.I.C
The development of the factory system
concentrated production in a single
location and led to an increasing degree of
specialization of labor.
Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time. (Innovation)
KC-5.1.II.B
The rapid development of steam-powered
industrial production in European countries and
the U.S. contributed to the increase in these
regions’ share of global manufacturing during
the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle
Eastern and Asian countries continued to
produce manufactured goods, these regions’
share in global manufacturing declined.
KC-5.1.I.D
As new methods of industrial production
became more common in parts of
northwestern Europe, they spread to other
parts of Europe and the United States,
Russia, and Japan.
Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. (Innovation)
KC-5.1.I.B
The development of machines, including steam
engines and the internal combustion engine,
made it possible to take advantage of both
existing and vast newly discovered resources
of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically
coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution
greatly increased the energy available
to human societies.
KC-5.1.I.E
The “second industrial revolution” led to new
methods in the production of steel, chemicals,
electricity, and precision machinery during the
second half of the 19th century.
KC-5.1.IV
Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made
exploration, development, and communication
possible in interior regions globally, which led
to increased trade and migration.
Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. (Political)
KC-5.1.V.C
As the influence of the Industrial Revolution
grew, a small number of states and
governments promoted their own statesponsored visions of industrialization.
KC-5.2.II.A
The expansion of U.S. and European influence
in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that
supported industrialization and led to
the growing regional power of Japan in
the Meiji Era.
Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900. (Economic)
KC-5.1.III.A
Western European countries began
abandoning mercantilism and adopting free
trade policies, partly in response to the growing
acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of
laissez-faire capitalism and free markets.
KC-5.1.III.B
The global nature of trade and production
contributed to the proliferation of large-scale
transnational businesses that relied on new
practices in banking and finance.
KC-5.1
The development of industrial capitalism led
to increased standards of living for some, and
to continued improvement in manufacturing
methods that increased the availability,
affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900. (Social)
KC-5.1.V.D
In response to the social and economic
changes brought about by industrial capitalism,
some governments, organizations, and
individuals promoted various types of political,
social, educational, and urban reforms.
KC-5.1.V.A
In industrialized states, many workers
organized themselves, often in labor unions,
to improve working conditions, limit hours, and
gain higher wages. Workers’ movements and
political parties emerged in different areas,
promoting alternative visions of society.
KC-5.3.IV.A.ii
Discontent with established power structures
encouraged the development of various
ideologies, including those espoused by Karl
Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.
KC-5.1.V.B
In response to the expansion of industrializing
states, some governments in Asia and Africa,
including the Ottoman Empire and Qing
China, sought to reform and modernize their
economies and militaries. Reform efforts
were often resisted by some members of
government or established elite groups.
Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living. (Social)
KC-5.1.VI.A
New social classes, including the middle class
and the industrial working class, developed.
KC-5.1.VI.B
While women and often children in working
class families typically held wage-earning
jobs to supplement their families’ income,
middle-class women who did not have the
same economic demands to satisfy were
increasingly limited to roles in the household or
roles focused on child development.
KC-5.1.VI.C
The rapid urbanization that accompanied
global capitalism at times led to a variety
of challenges, including pollution, poverty,
increased crime, public health crises, housing
shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to
accommodate urban growth.
Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900. (Cultural)
KC-5.2.III
A range of cultural, religious, and racial
ideologies were used to justify imperialism,
including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the
concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire
to religiously convert indigenous populations.
Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900. (Political)
KC-5.2.I.A
Some states with existing colonies
strengthened their control over those colonies
and in some cases assumed direct control over
colonies previously held by non-state entities.
KC-5.2.I.B
European states as well as the United States
and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia
and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese
influence declined.
KC-5.2.I.C
Many European states used both warfare and
diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa.
KC-5.2.I.D
Europeans established settler colonies in some
parts of their empires.
KC-5.2.II.B
The United States, Russia, and Japan
expanded their land holdings by conquering
and settling neighboring territories.
Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900. (Political)
KC-5.3.III.D
Increasing questions about political authority
and growing nationalism contributed to
anticolonial movements.
KC-5.2.II.C
Anti-imperial resistance took various forms,
including direct resistance within empires and
the creation of new states on the peripheries.
KC-5.3.III.E
Increasing discontent with imperial rule led
to rebellions, some of which were influenced
by religious ideas.
Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. (Environment)
KC-5.1.II.A
The need for raw materials for factories and
increased food supplies for the growing
population in urban centers led to the growth
of export economies around the world that
specialized in commercial extraction of natural
resources and the production of food and
industrial crops. The profits from these raw
materials were used to purchase finished goods.
Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. (Economic)
KC-5.2.I.E
Industrialized states and businesses within
those states practiced economic imperialism
primarily in Asia and Latin America.
KC-5.1.II.C
Trade in some commodities was organized in
a way that gave merchants and companies
based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct
economic advantage.
