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Chemistry IGCSE CIE Extended > 14.1 Organic Chemistry and Fuels > Flashcards

14.1 Organic Chemistry and Fuels Flashcards

1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Organic Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds

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2
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Organic compounds are those which contain carbon

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3
Q

What 3 compounds are not considered to be organic compounds?

A

For conventional reasons metal carbonates, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are not included in organic compounds

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

What is the general formula?

A

A formula that states the ratio of atoms of each element in the formula of every compound in a particular homologous series

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6
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Condensed representation that shows the symbols for each atom in a compound with straight lines joining them to represent the covalent bonds

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7
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

graphic representation that shows the symbols for each atom in a compound with straight lines joining them to represent the covalent bonds

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8
Q

What types of combustion do hydrocarbons undergo?

A

These compounds undergo complete and incomplete combustion

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9
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

Complete combustion occurs when there is excess oxygen

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10
Q

Chemical Equation for complete combustion of methane?

A

CH4+ 2O2→CO2+ 2H2O

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11
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to burn

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12
Q

What is formed when complete combustion occurs?

A

water and carbon dioxide form

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13
Q

What is formed when incomplete combustion occurs?

A

either carbon monoxide and water or carbon and water form

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14
Q

What are the two possible chemical equations for methane during incomplete combustion?

A

2CH4+ 3O2→ 2CO + 4H2O

CH4+ O2→ C + 2H2O

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15
Q

What does the prefix “meth” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 1 carbon atom

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16
Q

What does the prefix “eth” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 2 carbon atoms

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17
Q

What does the prefix “prop” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 3 carbon atoms

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18
Q

What does the prefix “but” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 4 carbon atoms

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19
Q

What does the suffix “ane” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

alkane

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20
Q

What does the suffix “ene” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

alkene

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21
Q

What does the suffix “anol” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

alcohol

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22
Q

What does the suffix “anoic acid” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

carboxylic acid

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23
Q

What does the suffix “amine” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

amine

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24
Q

What does the suffix “yl … annotate” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

ester

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25
What is it important to remember when there is more than one carbon atom on which the functional group can be located?
When there is more than one carbon atom where a functional group can be located it is important to distinguish exactly which carbon the functional group is on
26
When would the prefix di be used?
When 2 functional groups are present di- is used as a prefix to the second part of the name
27
Why does branching need to be considered when naming compounds?
Branching also needs to be considered, the carbon atoms with the branches are described by their number
28
Does the functional group or the branch take precedence?
When the location of functional groups and branches needs to be described the functional group takes precedence so the functional group has the lowest number
29
What is the chemical formula of methane?
CH4
30
What is the chemical formula of ethane?
C2H6
31
What is the chemical formula of propane?
C3H8
32
What is the chemical formula of butane?
C4H10
33
What are the 4 compounds in the alkane group?
methane ethane propane butane
34
What is the chemical formula of ethene?
C2H4
35
What is the chemical formula of propene?
C3H6
36
What is the chemical formula of butene?
C4H8
37
What are the 3 compounds in the alkene group?
ethene propene butene
38
What is the chemical formula of methanol?
CH3OH
39
What is the chemical formula of ethanol?
C2H5OH
40
What is the chemical formula of propanol?
C3H7OH
41
What is the chemical formula of butanol?
C4H9OH
42
What are the 4 compounds in the alcohol group?
methanol ethanol propanol butanol
43
What is the chemical formula of methanoic acid?
HCOOH
44
What is the chemical formula of ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH
45
What is the chemical formula of propanoic acid?
C2H5COOH
46
What is the chemical formula of butanoic acid?
C3H7COOH
47
What are the 4 compounds in the carboxylic acids group?
methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid butanoic acid
48
What is the name of the ester from ethanol and propanoic acid?
ethyl propanoate
49
What is the name of the ester from butanol and methanoic acid?
butyl methanoate
50
What is the name of the ester from pentanol and ethanoic acid?
pentyl ethanoate
51
What is a homologous series?
This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties
52
Why do all compounds in a homologous series have similar properties?
due to them having the same functional group
53
What 5 features do all members in a homologous series have?
- The same general formula - Same functional group - Similar chemical properties - Gradation in their physical properties - The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2
54
What is a functional group ?
This is a group of atoms which are bonded in a specific arrangement
55
what is the functional group responsible for?
responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member of a homologous series
56
What are the 6 functional groups?
- alkane - alkene - alcohol - carboxylic acid - amine - ester
57
Draw structural formulas for all the functional groups
si
58
What is the functional group for alkane?
``` H H | | --C--C-- | | H H ```
59
What is the functional group for alkene?
H H | | --C==C--
60
What is the functional group for alcohol?
--C--OH
61
What is the functional group for carboxylic acid?
O || --C--OH
62
What is the functional group for amine?
NH2 | --C-- |
63
What is the functional group for ester?
O || | --C--O--C-- |
64
What are structural isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
65
Why do structural isomers exist?
This is due to the different arrangement of their atoms in space
66
What two things can be changed to create a structural isomer?
There are two types: chain and position
67
What is chain isomerism?
In chain isomerism the structure of the carbon chain differs
68
What is position isomerism?
In position isomerism, the position of the functional group differs
69
What is a fuel?
A fuel is a substance which when burned, releases heat energy
70
How can heat released from a fuel be useful?
This heat can be transferred into electricity, which we use in our daily lives
71
What are the most common fossil fuels?
Most common fossil fuels include coal, natural gas and hydrocarbons such as methane and propane which are obtained from crude oil
72
What is the main constituent of natural gas?
methane
73
What is another name for petroleum?
Petroleum is also called crude oil
74
What is petroleum made of?
a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas
75
Where is petroleum found?
It is a thick, sticky, black liquid that is found under porous rock (under the ground and under the sea)
76
Is petroleum itself useful?
NO Petroleum itself as a mixture isn’t very useful but each component part of the mixture, called a fraction, is useful and each fraction has different applications
77
How are the various fractions separated from each other?
The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called fractional distillation
78
Are the fractions in petroleum similar?
The molecules in each fraction have similar properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain
79
How do the boiling points and viscosity of the fractions change?
The boiling point and viscosity of each fraction increases as the carbon chain gets longer
80
1. Where does fraction distillation occur? | fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is carried out in a fractionating column
81
2. How does the temperature vary in a fractionating column? | fractional distillation
The fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top
82
3. Where does crude oil enter and what happens? | fractional distillation
Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise
83
4. What happens to vapours of hydrocarbons with high boiling points? (fractional distillation)
Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately turn into liquid and are tapped off at the bottom of the column
84
5 .What happens to vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points? (fractional distillation)
Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off
85
6. How are all the fractions successfully separated? | fractional distillation
The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids.
86
7. What size of hydrocarbons are collected at the top? | fractional distillation
The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractionating column as gases
87
8. What size of hydrocarbons are collected at the bottom? | fractional distillation
The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column
88
What does viscosity mean?
refers to the ease of flow of a liquid
89
What does it mean if a liquid has a high viscosity?
High viscosity liquids are thick and flow less easily.
90
How does viscosity change as the carbon chain increases and why?
If the number of carbon atoms increases, the attraction between the hydrocarbon molecules also increases which results in the liquid becoming more viscous with the increasing length of the hydrocarbon chain. The liquid flows less easily with increasing molecular mass
91
How does colour change as the length of the carbon chain increases?
Colour: As carbon chain length increases the colour of the liquid gets darker as it gets thicker and more viscous
92
How does the melting/boiling point change as the length of the carbon chain increases? Why?
As the molecules get larger, the intermolecular attraction becomes greater. So more heat is needed to separate the molecules. With increasing molecular size there is an increase in boiling point
93
What does volatility refer to?
Volatility refers to the tendency of a substance to vaporise.
94
How does volatility change with an increasing carbon chain?
With increasing molecular size hydrocarbon liquids become less volatile.
95
Why does the liquid become less volatile as the carbon chain increases?
This is because the attraction between the molecules increases with increasing molecular size
96
What 8 fractions are produced by the fractional distillation of petroleum?
``` refinery gas gasoline / petrol naphtha kerosene / paraffin diesel / gas oil fuel oil lubricating oil bitumen ```
97
What is a use for refinery gas?
heating and cooking
98
What is a use for gasoline?
fuel for cars (petrol)
99
What is a use for naphtha?
raw product for producing chemicals
100
What is a use for kerosene?
for making jet fuel (paraffin)
101
What is a use for diesel?
fuel for diesel engines (gas oil)
102
What is a use for fuel oil?
fuel for ships and for home heating
103
What is a use for lubricating oil?
for lubricants, polishes, waxes
104
What is a use for bitumen?
for surfacing roads
105
check boiling and melting points of fractions
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Chemistry IGCSE CIE Extended (15 decks)

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