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Chemistry IGCSE CIE Extended > 14.1 Organic Chemistry and Fuels > Flashcards

14.1 Organic Chemistry and Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Organic Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds

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2
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Organic compounds are those which contain carbon

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3
Q

What 3 compounds are not considered to be organic compounds?

A

For conventional reasons metal carbonates, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are not included in organic compounds

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

What is the general formula?

A

A formula that states the ratio of atoms of each element in the formula of every compound in a particular homologous series

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6
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Condensed representation that shows the symbols for each atom in a compound with straight lines joining them to represent the covalent bonds

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7
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

graphic representation that shows the symbols for each atom in a compound with straight lines joining them to represent the covalent bonds

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8
Q

What types of combustion do hydrocarbons undergo?

A

These compounds undergo complete and incomplete combustion

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9
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

Complete combustion occurs when there is excess oxygen

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10
Q

Chemical Equation for complete combustion of methane?

A

CH4+ 2O2→CO2+ 2H2O

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11
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to burn

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12
Q

What is formed when complete combustion occurs?

A

water and carbon dioxide form

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13
Q

What is formed when incomplete combustion occurs?

A

either carbon monoxide and water or carbon and water form

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14
Q

What are the two possible chemical equations for methane during incomplete combustion?

A

2CH4+ 3O2→ 2CO + 4H2O

CH4+ O2→ C + 2H2O

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15
Q

What does the prefix “meth” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 1 carbon atom

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16
Q

What does the prefix “eth” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 2 carbon atoms

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17
Q

What does the prefix “prop” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 3 carbon atoms

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18
Q

What does the prefix “but” tell you about a compound?

A

contains 4 carbon atoms

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19
Q

What does the suffix “ane” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

alkane

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20
Q

What does the suffix “ene” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

alkene

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21
Q

What does the suffix “anol” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

alcohol

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22
Q

What does the suffix “anoic acid” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

carboxylic acid

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23
Q

What does the suffix “amine” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

amine

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24
Q

What does the suffix “yl … annotate” tell you about the family of a compound?

A

ester

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25
Q

What is it important to remember when there is more than one carbon atom on which the functional group can be located?

A

When there is more than one carbon atom where a functional group can be located it is important to distinguish exactly which carbon the functional group is on

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26
Q

When would the prefix di be used?

A

When 2 functional groups are present di- is used as a prefix to the second part of the name

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27
Q

Why does branching need to be considered when naming compounds?

A

Branching also needs to be considered, the carbon atoms with the branches are described by their number

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28
Q

Does the functional group or the branch take precedence?

A

When the location of functional groups and branches needs to be described the functional group takes precedence so the functional group has the lowest number

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29
Q

What is the chemical formula of methane?

A

CH4

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30
Q

What is the chemical formula of ethane?

A

C2H6

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31
Q

What is the chemical formula of propane?

A

C3H8

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32
Q

What is the chemical formula of butane?

A

C4H10

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33
Q

What are the 4 compounds in the alkane group?

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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34
Q

What is the chemical formula of ethene?

A

C2H4

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35
Q

What is the chemical formula of propene?

A

C3H6

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36
Q

What is the chemical formula of butene?

A

C4H8

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37
Q

What are the 3 compounds in the alkene group?

A

ethene
propene
butene

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38
Q

What is the chemical formula of methanol?

A

CH3OH

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39
Q

What is the chemical formula of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

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40
Q

What is the chemical formula of propanol?

A

C3H7OH

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41
Q

What is the chemical formula of butanol?

A

C4H9OH

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42
Q

What are the 4 compounds in the alcohol group?

A

methanol
ethanol
propanol
butanol

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43
Q

What is the chemical formula of methanoic acid?

A

HCOOH

44
Q

What is the chemical formula of ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

45
Q

What is the chemical formula of propanoic acid?

A

C2H5COOH

46
Q

What is the chemical formula of butanoic acid?

A

C3H7COOH

47
Q

What are the 4 compounds in the carboxylic acids group?

A

methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
butanoic acid

48
Q

What is the name of the ester from ethanol and propanoic acid?

A

ethyl propanoate

49
Q

What is the name of the ester from butanol and methanoic acid?

A

butyl methanoate

50
Q

What is the name of the ester from pentanol and ethanoic acid?

A

pentyl ethanoate

51
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties

52
Q

Why do all compounds in a homologous series have similar properties?

A

due to them having the same functional group

53
Q

What 5 features do all members in a homologous series have?

A
  • The same general formula
  • Same functional group
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Gradation in their physical properties
  • The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2
54
Q

What is a functional group ?

A

This is a group of atoms which are bonded in a specific arrangement

55
Q

what is the functional group responsible for?

A

responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member of a homologous series

56
Q

What are the 6 functional groups?

A
  • alkane
  • alkene
  • alcohol
  • carboxylic acid
  • amine
  • ester
57
Q

Draw structural formulas for all the functional groups

A

si

58
Q

What is the functional group for alkane?

A 
H  H
   |    |
--C--C--
   |    | 
  H  H
59
Q

What is the functional group for alkene?

A

H H
| |
–C==C–

60
Q

What is the functional group for alcohol?

A

–C–OH

61
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid?

A

O
||
–C–OH

62
Q

What is the functional group for amine?

A

NH2
|
–C–
|

63
Q

What is the functional group for ester?

A

O
|| |
–C–O–C–
|

64
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

65
Q

Why do structural isomers exist?

A

This is due to the different arrangement of their atoms in space

66
Q

What two things can be changed to create a structural isomer?

A

There are two types: chain and position

67
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

In chain isomerism the structure of the carbon chain differs

68
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

In position isomerism, the position of the functional group differs

69
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A fuel is a substance which when burned, releases heat energy

70
Q

How can heat released from a fuel be useful?

A

This heat can be transferred into electricity, which we use in our daily lives

71
Q

What are the most common fossil fuels?

A

Most common fossil fuels include coal, natural gas and hydrocarbons such as methane and propane which are obtained from crude oil

72
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas?

A

methane

73
Q

What is another name for petroleum?

A

Petroleum is also called crude oil

74
Q

What is petroleum made of?

A

a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas

75
Q

Where is petroleum found?

A

It is a thick, sticky, black liquid that is found under porous rock (under the ground and under the sea)

76
Q

Is petroleum itself useful?

A

NO
Petroleum itself as a mixture isn’t very useful but each component part of the mixture, called a fraction, is useful and each fraction has different applications

77
Q

How are the various fractions separated from each other?

A

The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called fractional distillation

78
Q

Are the fractions in petroleum similar?

A

The molecules in each fraction have similar properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain

79
Q

How do the boiling points and viscosity of the fractions change?

A

The boiling point and viscosity of each fraction increases as the carbon chain gets longer

80
Q
  1. Where does fraction distillation occur?

fractional distillation

A

Fractional distillation is carried out in a fractionating column

81
Q
  1. How does the temperature vary in a fractionating column?

fractional distillation

A

The fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top

82
Q
  1. Where does crude oil enter and what happens?

fractional distillation

A

Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise

83
Q
  1. What happens to vapours of hydrocarbons with high boiling points?

(fractional distillation)

A

Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately turn into liquid and are tapped off at the bottom of the column

84
Q

5 .What happens to vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points?

(fractional distillation)

A

Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off

85
Q
  1. How are all the fractions successfully separated?

fractional distillation

A

The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids.

86
Q
  1. What size of hydrocarbons are collected at the top?

fractional distillation

A

The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractionating column as gases

87
Q
  1. What size of hydrocarbons are collected at the bottom?

fractional distillation

A

The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column

88
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

refers to the ease of flow of a liquid

89
Q

What does it mean if a liquid has a high viscosity?

A

High viscosity liquids are thick and flow less easily.

90
Q

How does viscosity change as the carbon chain increases and why?

A

If the number of carbon atoms increases, the attraction between the hydrocarbon molecules also increases which results in the liquid becoming more viscous with the increasing length of the hydrocarbon chain.

The liquid flows less easily with increasing molecular mass

91
Q

How does colour change as the length of the carbon chain increases?

A

Colour: As carbon chain length increases the colour of the liquid gets darker as it gets thicker and more viscous

92
Q

How does the melting/boiling point change as the length of the carbon chain increases?
Why?

A

As the molecules get larger, the intermolecular attraction becomes greater. So more heat is needed to separate the molecules. With increasing molecular size there is an increase in boiling point

93
Q

What does volatility refer to?

A

Volatility refers to the tendency of a substance to vaporise.

94
Q

How does volatility change with an increasing carbon chain?

A

With increasing molecular size hydrocarbon liquids become less volatile.

95
Q

Why does the liquid become less volatile as the carbon chain increases?

A

This is because the attraction between the molecules increases with increasing molecular size

96
Q

What 8 fractions are produced by the fractional distillation of petroleum?

A 
refinery gas
gasoline / petrol
naphtha 
kerosene / paraffin
diesel / gas oil
fuel oil
lubricating oil
bitumen
97
Q

What is a use for refinery gas?

A

heating and cooking

98
Q

What is a use for gasoline?

A

fuel for cars (petrol)

99
Q

What is a use for naphtha?

A

raw product for producing chemicals

100
Q

What is a use for kerosene?

A

for making jet fuel (paraffin)

101
Q

What is a use for diesel?

A

fuel for diesel engines (gas oil)

102
Q

What is a use for fuel oil?

A

fuel for ships and for home heating

103
Q

What is a use for lubricating oil?

A

for lubricants, polishes, waxes

104
Q

What is a use for bitumen?

A

for surfacing roads

105
Q

check boiling and melting points of fractions

A

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Chemistry IGCSE CIE Extended (15 decks)

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