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Business AS > 14. What is Marketing? > Flashcards

14. What is Marketing? Flashcards

1
Q

Define marketing

A

The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying consumer’s wants and needs profitably - by choosing the right mix of the 4P’s

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2
Q

Define marketing objectives

A

The goals set for the marketing department to help the business achieve its overall objectives. e.g. increasing market share, rebranding product

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3
Q

How can the marketing department and finance department coordinate?

A
  • Finance department use the sales forecasts of the marketing department to help construct cash flow forecasts and other operational budgets
  • Finance department will ensure that the necessary capital is available for the marketing budget
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4
Q

How can the marketing department and HR department coordinate?

A

The sales forecasts will be used by HR to aid workforce planning - number of workers and skills required to ensure that increase in sales will be achieved

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5
Q

How can the marketing department and operation department coordinate?

A
  • Market research data will play a key role in new product development
  • The sales forecasts will be used by the operations department to plan for the capacity needed, the purchase of the machines that will be used and the stocks of raw materials required for the new output level
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6
Q

Define demand

A

The quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price in a time period

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7
Q

Define supply

A

The quantity of a product that firms are prepared to supply at a given price in a time period

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8
Q

Factors affecting demand

A
  • Changes in consumer’s incomes
  • Changes in the prices of substitute goods and complementary goods
  • Changes in the population size and structure
  • Fashion and taste changes
  • Advertising and promotion spending
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9
Q

Factors affecting supply

A
  • Costs of production e.g. change in labour or raw materials costs
  • Taxes imposed on the suppliers by government => raise costs
  • Subsidies paid by government to suppliers => reduce costs
  • Weather conditions and other natural factors
  • Advances in technology to make cost of production lower
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10
Q

Interactions between price and demand

A
  • The quantity demanded rises with a price fall

- The quantity demanded falls with a price increase

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11
Q

Interactions between price and supply

A

Firms will be more willing to supply a product if the price rises and will supply less if the price falls

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12
Q

What are the different types of markets?

A
  • Consumer/producer markets

- National, regional and international markets

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13
Q

What are the features of a market?

A
  • Location
  • Size
  • Share
  • Growth
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14
Q

Define market size

A

The total level of sales of all producers within a market

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15
Q

How can market size be measured?

A
  • Volume of sales (units sold)

- Value of goods sold (sales revenue)

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16
Q

Why is the size of the market important?

A
  • A marketing manager can assess whether a market is worth entering or not
  • Calculate market share
  • Growth or decline of the market can be identified
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17
Q

Define market growth

A

The percentage change in the total size of a market (volume or value) over a period of time

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18
Q

Factors determining the pace of growth

A
  • Economic growth of the country
  • Changes in consumers’ income
  • Development of new markets and products (that take sales away from existing ones)
  • Changes in taste
  • Technology
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19
Q

Define market share

A

The percentage of sales in the total market sold by one business

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20
Q

Why is market share important?

A
  • Shows how the business is doing compared to its competition
  • Judge the effectiveness of any possible revenue generating effort, such as marketing campaigns, branding initiatives
  • Allows businesses to quantify the impact of their strategies
21
Q

Define marketing strategy

A

Long term plan established for achieving marketing objectives

22
Q

Problems associated with measuring market share and

market growth

A
  • Different results may be obtained depending whether the growth or share rates are measured in volume or value
  • Firm’s market share can fall even though sales are rising
23
Q

Define market orientation

A

An outward looking approach basing product decisions on consumer demand, as established by market research

24
Q

Define product orientation

A

An inward looking approach that focuses on making products that can be made - or have been made for a long time and then try to sell them

25
Q

Benefits of market orientation

A
  • Chances of newly developed products failing in the market are much reduced
  • Constant feedback from consumers
  • Customers will experience more satisfaction with the product, which ultimately increases the likelihood of repeat purchases and brand loyalty
  • Companies can turn one-time buyers into repeat customers. They’ll buy more frequently in larger volumes => profitability
26
Q

Disadvantages of market orientation

A
  • Market research can be expensive and time consuming and it requires a systematic approach => planning
  • More competition => has to be innovative to stand out
  • As there are constantly competitors entering in and out of the market => dynamic changes => requires flexibility and adaptability
27
Q

Benefits of product orientation

A
  • Allows the business to focus on product quality => it works to specifics
  • Allows for a technology to be developed that can then be used for a wider range of products
  • Enables the company to create this product efficiently and in mass quantities. More quantities can be made at a lower price, which will increase the number produced (economies of scale)
28
Q

Disadvantages of product orientation

A
  • Loss of competitive advantage ; may lose customers and market share to competitors who offer a more relevant product to the market
  • A company that is not in tune with the marketplace is unlikely to be aware of changing trends => not be able to survive due to inability to keep up with changes
  • Focusing on established products and markets may prevent a company from looking at new market opportunities (If product demand in existing markets falls, a company must look for new markets)
  • Companies with a product orientation spend their marketing budgets promoting products that may not meet customer needs => no brand loyalty
29
Q

Define consumer markets

A

Markets for goods and services bought by the final user of them

30
Q

Define industrial markets

A

Markets for goods and services bought by businesses to be used in the production process of other products

31
Q

Define societal marketing

A

This approach considers not only the demands of consumers but also the effects on all members of the public

32
Q

Define equilibrium price

A

The market price that equates supply and demand for a product

33
Q

Define niche marketing

A

Identifying and exploiting a small segment of a larger market by developing products to suit it

34
Q

Define mass marketing

A

Selling the same products to the whole market with no attempt to target groups within it

35
Q

Advantages of niche marketing

A
  • Less competition
  • This marketing approach lets business to provide customers with products and services they need and desire => brand loyalty
  • More interactive with customers
  • Requires less investment (produce less goods as there are less customers)
  • If the market has not been exploited yet => able to charge high prices with high profit margins
36
Q

Disadvantages of niche marketing

A
  • The niche markets may be invaded by large companies
  • Less profits are made
  • Limited growth because there is a small group of customers to buy products.
  • Niche markets involve more risk than mass markets – fewer customer – if their buying
    habits change it could mean rapid decline in sales.
37
Q

Advantages of mass marketing

A
  • Economies of scale => lower average costs of production
  • Maximises income and profits
  • Mass production greatly improves short term cash flow forecast
  • Run fewer risks as niche markets contain relatively small number of consumers => any change to consumer buying habits can lead to rapid decline in sales
38
Q

Disadvantages of mass marketing

A
  • Competition
  • Lack of USP can result in lower profit margins
  • Difficult to manage (staff and costs)
  • Lack of brand loyalty
  • Costs to advertise
39
Q

Define market segment

A

A sub-group of a whole market in which consumers have similar characteristics

40
Q

Define market segmentation

A

Identifying different segments within a market and targeting different products and services to them

41
Q

Define consumer profile

A

A quantified picture of consumers of a firm’s products, showing proportions of age group, income levels, location, gender and social class

42
Q

Methods of market segmentation

A
  • Geographic differences
  • Demographic differences
  • Psychographic factors
43
Q

What are the geographic differences?

A

Consumers’ tastes change depending on the location. These geographic differences might result from:

  • Cultural differences
  • Climate
44
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of population data and trends

45
Q

What are the demographic factors that segment the market?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Ethnicity
  • Socio-economic groups
46
Q

What are the psychographic factors?

A

These are to do with differences between people’s lifestyles, personalities, values and attitudes

47
Q

Advantages of market segmentation

A
  • Business can define their target market precisely and design, produce goods that are specifically aimed at these groups, leading to increased sales
  • Limits the field of customers and allows a business to direct financial resources into a specific segment => reduce costs and more efficient
  • Able to identify groups of consumers that have not been targeted => these might be then successfully exploited
  • Can better allocate the total marketing budget
48
Q

Disadvantages of market segmentation

A
  • Research and development costs might be high
  • Promotion and distribution expenditures increase when separate programme are used for different market segments
  • When characteristics of a market segment change, investment made already might become useless

Business AS (22 decks)

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