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Microbiology and Immunology > 14. Virus structure and transmission > Flashcards

14. Virus structure and transmission Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virion

A

Purified virus particle
Simplest life form
Seen through electron microscope

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2
Q

Virion

A

Purified virus particle
Simplest life form
Seen through electron microscope

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3
Q

Proteins coded by nucleic acid

A

Have virion acting as hereditary material, known as virus genome

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4
Q

Main viral characteristics

A

All viruses obligate intracellular parasite: only growing appropriate host
Any given virus has specific host: doesn’t jump between host.
Virus genome enclosed in capsid: formed from identical capsomeres.
Many viruses additionally enclosed in one or more lipid membrane envelopes, host-derived with virus encoding proteins.

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5
Q

Main viral structures

A 
Naked icosahedral: Poliovirus
Naked helical: Tobacco mosaic virus, no known human virus with this structure
Enveloped icosahedral: Herpes
Enveloped helical: Measles
Complex: poxvirus
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6
Q

Viral classification

A

Morphology - Size/Shape
Biology - Type of tissue infected
Genome organisation and replication - Baltimore classification.

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7
Q

Baltimore classification

A

Divides viruses to 7 types depending on genome and how genome changes to mRNA for protein synthesis.

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8
Q

Cycle of infection

A 
Transmission ->
Entry ->
Primary site replication ->
Spread within host ->
Shedding ->
Transmission
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9
Q

Horizontal transmission - Respiratory

A

Causes respiratory disease: rhinovirus,influenza, measles.

Droplet size determines route of transmission

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10
Q

Horizontal transmission - Faecaloral

A

Rotavirus
Hepatitis A: Inflammation of liver -> jaundice.
Poliovirus: 1% have paralytic poliomyelitis, muscle paralysis

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11
Q

Horizontal transmission - Sexual

A

HIV-1
Hepatitis B: Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Human papillomavirus: 6/11 - genital warts, 16/18 - cervical and penile cancer.

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12
Q

Horizontal transmission - Urine

A

Rare

Cytomegalovirus and poliovirus

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13
Q

Horizontal transmission - Mechanical

A

Blood borne virus - HIV/HBV/HCV

Transfer of blood

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14
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Mother -> Child

Primary infection of mother while pregnant or reactivation of persistent function.

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15
Q

Vertical transmission: Transplacental

A

Rubella - congenital defects, cardiovascular/hearing/sight

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16
Q

Vertical transmission: During birth/perinatal transmission

A

Herpes simplex 1 and 2

Type 1 most common

17
Q

Vertical transmission: After birth/postnatal transmission

A

HIV-1 in breastmilk

HBV in saliva

18
Q

Zoonoisis

A

Animal -> Man
Reservoir/primary host : Animal where virus replicates
Vector: Animal that transmits virus

19
Q

Preventing transmission

A

Critical in controlling viral transmission

Education
Barrier nursing
Quarantine

20
Q

Factors of preventing transmission

A 
Sanitation
Climate
Viral vectors
Healthcare
Population density
Poverty
Behaviour
21
Q

Proteins coded by nucleic acid

A

Have virion acting as hereditary material, known as virus genome

22
Q

Main viral characteristics

A

All viruses obligate intracellular parasite: only growing appropriate host
Any given virus has specific host: doesn’t jump between host.
Virus genome enclosed in capsid: formed from identical capsomeres.
Many viruses additionally enclosed in one or more lipid membrane envelopes, host-derived with virus encoding proteins.

23
Q

Main viral structures

A 
Naked icosahedral: Poliovirus
Naked helical: Tobacco mosaic virus, no known human virus with this structure
Enveloped icosahedral: Herpes
Enveloped helical: Measles
Complex: poxvirus
24
Q

Viral classification

A

Morphology - Size/Shape
Biology - Type of tissue infected
Genome organisation and replication - Baltimore classification.

25
Q

Baltimore classification

A

Divides viruses to 7 types depending on genome and how genome changes to mRNA for protein synthesis.

26
Q

Cycle of infection

A 
Transmission ->
Entry ->
Primary site replication ->
Spread within host ->
Shedding ->
Transmission
27
Q

Horizontal transmission - Respiratory

A

Causes respiratory disease: rhinovirus,influenza, measles.

Droplet size determines route of transmission

28
Q

Horizontal transmission - Faecaloral

A

Rotavirus
Hepatitis A: Inflammation of liver -> jaundice.
Poliovirus: 1% have paralytic poliomyelitis, muscle paralysis

29
Q

Horizontal transmission - Sexual

A

HIV-1
Hepatitis B: Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Human papillomavirus: 6/11 - genital warts, 16/18 - cervical and penile cancer.

30
Q

Horizontal transmission - Urine

A

Rare

Cytomegalovirus and poliovirus

31
Q

Horizontal transmission - Mechanical

A

Blood borne virus - HIV/HBV/HCV

Transfer of blood

32
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Mother -> Child

Primary infection of mother while pregnant or reactivation of persistent function.

33
Q

Vertical transmission: Transplacental

A

Rubella - congenital defects, cardiovascular/hearing/sight

34
Q

Vertical transmission: During birth/perinatal transmission

A

Herpes simplex 1 and 2

Type 1 most common

35
Q

Vertical transmission: After birth/postnatal transmission

A

HIV-1 in breastmilk

HBV in saliva

36
Q

Zoonoisis

A

Animal -> Man
Reservoir/primary host : Animal where virus replicates
Vector: Animal that transmits virus

37
Q

Preventing transmission

A

Critical in controlling viral transmission

Education
Barrier nursing
Quarantine

38
Q

Factors of preventing transmission

A 
Sanitation
Climate
Viral vectors
Healthcare
Population density
Poverty
Behaviour

Microbiology and Immunology (11 decks)

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