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Microbiology and Immunology > 10. Infectious diseases > Flashcards

10. Infectious diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gastroenteritis (Gut infections) - Viral causes

A

Adults - Norovirus

Children - Rotavirus

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2
Q

Gastroenteritis (Gut infections) - Parasitic causes

A

Long duration - giardia

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3
Q

Gastroenteritis (Gut infections) - Bacterial causes

A

Injected or fecal-oral route

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4
Q

Gastroenteritis (Gut infections) - Acute

A

Body ejects all gut contents rapidly

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5
Q

Gastroenteritis (Gut infections) - Chronic

A

Organism remains causing ongoing illness

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6
Q

Types of intestinal infections

A

Secretory diarrhoea

Inflammatory diarrhoea

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7
Q

Secretory diarrhoea

A

No fever or low grade fever
No white blood cells in stool

Examples:
Vibrio choleroe
ETEC
EAggEC
EPEC
EHEC
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8
Q

Inflammatory diarrhoea

A

Fever
White blood cells in stool

Examples:
Campylobacter jejuni
Shigella spp.
Non typhoidal salmonella serotype
EIEC
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9
Q

Vibrio cholera: Secretory diarrhoea - Method

A
  1. Normal ion movement - Na+ from lumen to blood and no net Cl- movement
  2. Activation of epithelial adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin
  3. Na+ movement blocked and net movement of Cl- to lumen
  4. Massive water movement tolumen (Cholera symptoms)
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10
Q

Vibrio cholera: Secretory diarrhoea - Major Symptom

A

Waterborne

Rice water bacteria

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11
Q

Vibrio cholera: Secretory diarrhoea - Major virulent factor

A 
Cholera toxin (AB type)
1A and 5B encoded on phage genome
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12
Q

Signs of acute/innate infection

A 
Rubor
Calor/heat
Tumor
Dalor/pain
Change in function
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13
Q

Signs of acute/innate infection - Rubor definition

A

Increased blood flow due to vasodilation

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14
Q

Signs of acute/innate infection - Calor/heat definition

A

Increased blood flow due to vasodilation

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15
Q

Signs of acute/innate infection - Tumor definition

A

Increased plasma movement from blood to tissue

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16
Q

Signs of acute/innate infection - Dalor/pain definition

A

Pain due to localised swelling from tumor formation.

Fluid stretches nerved and pain receptors

17
Q

Signs of acute/innate infection - Change in function definition

A

Due to pain and change in tissue structure, usually reduced mobility

18
Q

Methods of adaptive immunity: Specific and Memory

A

Host mediated response to target.

Repeat response is quicker

19
Q

Methods of adaptive immunity: Humoral immunity

A

B cell produces antibodies

20
Q

Methods of adaptive immunity: Cellular immunity

A

T cells attack intracellular pathogens

21
Q

Methods of adaptive immunity: ADCC

A

Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

22
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

Gram negative, motile (polar flagella), spiral shaped.
Causes infection in the stomach.
Diseases: Gastritis, Gastric ulcers, Gastric cancer
Spread by close contact: host-host, food/water sources.
Can detect urea in breath = Key diagnosis UBT

23
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram positive
Cocci
Chains
Infection sites: Throat, mammary glands, skin, middle ear, lungs, blood.
Diseases: Paryngitis (strep throat), mastitis, impetigo/cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, otidis media, pneumonia, scarlet fever

24
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Gram positive
Cocci
Grape-like clusters
Infection from: Asymptomatic to susceptible person.
Infection sites: Skin, blood/systemic, lungs, bones, stomach, brain.
Diseases: Pimples, impetigo in wounds, toxic shock syndrome, septicaemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, gastroenteritis (inflammatory), meningitis

25
Q

Immunity

A

Innate - Immediate, rapid response

Adaptive - Develops though exposure, bespoke weapons of defence.

26
Q

Inflammation

A 
A non-specific reaction
Induced by cytokines
EG Interleukina and TNF-α
Accumulation of neutrophils
EG Fluid accumulation/release during diarrhoea
27
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the bloodstream

Exploited to reach other organs

28
Q

Septicaemia

A 
Blood borne, systemic
Septic shock
Bacteria, organisms or Ior toxins
Severe response: Blood vessels leak, lowers BP, can damage vital organs (brain and kidneys)
Massive cytokine release.
Immune system overdrive:
-High temperature
-Lethargy (extreme tirednes)
-Violent chills/shivering
-Faintness (low BP)
-Pale, clammy skin
-Rapid but shallow breathing
-Petechiae (pinprick bruises on skin)
-Purple blotches (purpura) which don't fade under glass.
29
Q

Timeline of S.Enterica infection

A

0 mins - Ingest contaminated food
15 mins - Invasion of epithelial cells.
1 hour - Neutrophils appear, increased vascular permeability.
3 hours - Neutrophil-induced tissue damage and inflammatory-induced fluid accumulation.
8 hours - Massive effusion of neutrophils and fluid in intestinal lumen.
24-48 hours - Evident tissue damage, diarrhoea and more fluid like accumulation.

30
Q

How bacteria get into the body

A

Ingested (EG Listeria monocytes)
Bites (EG Ticks/fleas deliver Yersinia pestis, Lyme disease)
Wounds/Surgical points/Catheters (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus)

31
Q

General-purpose media

A

General cultivation uses LB agar generally (Luria-Bertani) contains yeast exract, salts, water and agar.
Grows both fastidious (fuddy/with heeds) and non-fastidious bacteria (and yeast/fungi).
Often a starting point to look for unexpected organisms

32
Q

Enrichment media

A

Dependent on the symptoms and sample site.
For fastidious bacteria, often supplement media with sheep blood.
In a mixed sample this allows the causative organism to grow faster.

33
Q

Selective media

A

Mixed bacterial population.
Blood based agar, contains antimicrobials.
Incubated at 42°c in microaerobic (low O2) conditions.
Inhibits growth of most enteric bacteria.
Allows growth of campylobacter
Uses not only media but growth conditions as selection.
Once isolated can use other serological tests
May use antibiotic selection

34
Q

Differential media

A

General purpose media with chromogenic substrate additives.

Tests for the presence or absence of enzymes.

35
Q

Selective/differential media

A

MacConkey agar detects bacilli and enteric bacteria.
Contains bile salts and crystal violet that inhibit Gram-positive bacteria.
pH indicators allow for fermentation of sugars to be monitored.
Traditionally contains lactose to identify:
-Lactose fermenting (E.coli)
-Lactose non-rementing (Salmonella)
Fermentation of sugars (xylose, lysines, deoxynolate)
-E.coli, simple sugars
-Shigella cannot use xylose, salmonella can
Additional metabolism produces H2S

36
Q

CLED Agar - differential for urine analysis

A

Cysteine-lactose-electrolyte deficient.
C = Enhances growth of slow growing coliforms.
L = pH indicator is bromothymol blue
Fermentaters = yellow
Can use for quantification of bacterial load (EG UPEC)

Microbiology and Immunology (11 decks)

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