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MICR3305 > 14 - Vaccination > Flashcards

14 - Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

Variolation

A

Pus taken from a smallpox blister and introduced into skin of an uninfected person to confer protection

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2
Q

Who discovered vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

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3
Q

Discovery of vaccination

A

Inoculation with cowpox protects against smallpox (closely related)

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4
Q

First human viral disease to be eradicated by vaccination

A

Smallpox (caused by infection with variola virus) via protective immunity induced by closely related virus (vaccinia virus)

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5
Q

Herd immunity

A
  • Occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease.
  • The spread of disease from person to person therefore becomes unlikely, protecting susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated
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6
Q

Passive immunity

A
  • Administration of antiserum containing preformed antibodies
  • Immediate protection against recent infection or ongoing disease
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7
Q

Limitations of passive immunity

A

Can trigger hypersensitivity, antibodies are degraded very quickly

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8
Q

Active immunity

A
  • Protection induced by person’s own immune system with specificity and memory
  • Both humoral and cell mediated
  • Can last decades
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9
Q

Types of vaccines

A

Inactivated, subunit, killed

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10
Q

Passive natural immunity

A

Antibodies acquired through breast milk or placenta

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11
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

Immunity gained through antibodies harvested from another person or animal

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12
Q

Active natural immunity

A

Immunity gained through illness and recovery

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13
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

immunity acquired through vaccine

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14
Q

Rabies

A
  • Zoonotic viral disease spread to humans via bite of infected animal
  • Virus travels along nerves to reach CNS
  • Delay between infection and arrival in CNS means post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent disease
  • Most people with symptomatic rabies do not survive
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15
Q

Rabies vaccine

A

Inactivated vaccine (killed virus), or rabies immunoglobulin are offered, depending on exposure or degree of risk

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16
Q

Live attenuated viral vaccines

A
  • Have modified genomes and are less virulent than wild type viruses
  • Antigens are similar enough to WT to induce immune response that protects against WT
  • More potent than killed/inactivated/non replicative antigens as they infect target cells and induce a broad range of effect immune responses (including CD8+ T cells)
17
Q

Method for deriving live attenuated vaccines

A
  • Pathogenic virus is isolated from a patient and grown in human cultured cells
  • The cultured virus is used to infect monkey cells
  • The virus acquires many mutations that allow it to grow well in monkey cells
  • Virus no longer grows well in human cells
18
Q

Why are live attenuated replicating virus vaccines best immunogen

A

Because both T cell and B cells responses are induced

19
Q

What response is best for immunisation

A

Not just antibodies, also CD8+ T cell specific response

20
Q

Yellow fever vaccine

A
  • Derived by passage thorugh mice and other lab animals
  • 48 nucleotide substitutions (of ~11,000 nt) of which 22 are non-synonymous, scattered throughout genome
  • Induces neutralising antibodies and T cell responses
21
Q

Polio sabin attenuated vaccine

A
  • Grows in epithelial cells
  • Does not grow in nerves (no paralysis)
  • Local gut immunity (IgA), important as virus replicates in gut
  • 1 in 4,000,000 vaccine infections
22
Q

Polio salk killed vaccine

A
  • Formaldehyde fixed
  • No reversion
  • No gut immunity
  • Cannot wipe out wild type virus
23
Q

Subunit vaccine advantages

A
  • Prepared from components of virus (proteins). May self aggregate to produce virus like particles
  • Recombinant DNA technology
  • No viral genomes or infectious virus
24
Q

Subunit vaccine disadvantages

A
  • Expensive
  • Injected
  • Poor antigenicity
25
Q

HPV vaccine

A
  • HPV vaccine is a non infectious virus like particle
  • One of most successful vaccine
  • Quadrivalent vaccine includes HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18
26
Q

Polysaccharide vaccines

A
  • Induce short lived antibody producing plasma cells by cross linking the BCR
  • Affinity maturation of the antibody response and the induction of memory B cells do not occur
27
Q

Protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines

A
  • Can engage T cells that recognize the carrier protein, as well as B cells that recognize the polysaccharide.
  • T cells provide help to B cells, leading to affinity maturation and the production of both plasma cells and memory B cells.
28
Q

Adjuvant

A

Substance added to vaccine to increase body’s immune response to vaccine

29
Q

How do adjuvants work

A
  • Act as antigen depot, releasing it slowly
  • Inducing an inflammatory response that enhances the host immune response to the vaccine antigen
30
Q

Is T cell vaccination predicted to prevent infection

A

No, but is predicted to control the viral load until escape mutants arise

31
Q

Features of effective vaccines

A
  • Safe
  • Protective
  • Gives sustained protection
  • Induces neutralising antibody
  • Induces protective T cells
  • Practical considerations

MICR3305 (25 decks)

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