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MICR3305 > 1 - Basic concepts in Immunity > Flashcards

1 - Basic concepts in Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the immune response

A
  • Immunological recognition (innate and adaptive IR)
  • Contain infection and if possible eliminate it (via antibodies)
  • Immune regulation limits damage to host by immune response
  • Generation of immunological memory by adaptive immune system
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2
Q

4 levels of defence of protection

A
  • Anatomic barriers (skin, oral mucosa)
  • Compliment/antimicrobial proteins (C3, defensins)
  • Innate immune cells (macrophages, NK cells, granulocytes)
  • Adaptive immunity (B & T cells)
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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

Mediated by mechanisms that are in place even before an infection occurs and facilitate rapid responses to invading microbes

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4
Q

Innate immune cells

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • NK cells
  • Granulocytes
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5
Q

Adaptive immune cells

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
  • T lymphocytes
  • Effector T cells
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6
Q

Inflammatory response

A
  • Bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
  • Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability causes redness, heat and swelling
  • inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing the inflammatory mediators that cause pain
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7
Q

Cardinal features of an adaptive immune response

A

Specificity, diversity, memory and self tolerance

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8
Q

Determinants / epitopes

A

Parts of complex antigens that are specifically recognised by lymphocytes

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9
Q

Clonal selection

A

Clones of lymphocytes with different specificities are present in unimmunised individuals, and are able to recognise and respond to foreign antigens

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10
Q

Lymphocyte repertoire

A

The total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocytes in an individual

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11
Q

What causes the ability of the lymphocyte repertoire to recognise a large number of antigens

A

Variability in the structures of the antigen-binding sites of lymphocyte receptors for antigens.

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12
Q

Difference between primary and secondary immune responses

A

Secondary immune responses and more rapid and greater in magnitude

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13
Q

Why is the secondary response typically stronger

A
  • Memory cells accumulate and become more numerous than the naive lymphocytes
  • Memory cells react more rapidly and vigorously to antigen challenge compared to naive lymphocytes
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14
Q

Mechanisms that maintain tolerance to self antigens

A
  • Eliminating lymphocytes that express receptors specific for self antigens
  • Inactivating self reactive lymphocytes
  • Supressessing self reactive cells by actions of regulatory cells
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15
Q

Stages of adaptive immune responses

A
  • Antigen recognition
  • Lymphocyte activation
  • Antigen elimination
  • Contraction (homeostasis)
  • Memory
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16
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cell mediated

17
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that prevent infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

18
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Helper T lymphocytes activate macrophages and neutrophils to kill phagocytosed microbes, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroy infected cells

19
Q

Generative lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

20
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues

21
Q

B lymphocyte lineage pathway

A

Bone marrow –> blood, lymph –> secondary lympoid organs

22
Q

T lymphocyte lineage pathway

A
  • Bone marrow –> Thymus –> Blood, lymph –> secondary lymphoid organs.
  • Some immature B cells leave bone marrow and complete maturation in the spleen
23
Q

Active immunity

A
  • Caused by a host response to a microbe or antigen
  • Generates immunologic memory
24
Q

Passive immunity

A

Caused by transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe (e.g. from mother to fetus, vaccine)

25
Q

Herd immunity

A
  • Occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making spread unlikely
  • Whole community becomes protected
26
Q

Immune diseases examples

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Allergy
  • Lupus
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Coeliac disease
27
Q

Why was smallpox able to be eradicated

A
  • DNA virus that doesn’t change very much
  • No animal reservoirs
28
Q

What are the two major subsets of lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

29
Q

Explain adaptive immune response

A
  • Specialised APCs recognise and capture microbial antigens, and display these antigens for recognition by lymphocytes
  • Lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into effector cells
  • Effector cells eliminate the antigen and turn into memory cells
30
Q

Only cells capable of specifically recognising antigens

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Therefore principle cells of adaptive immunity

MICR3305 (25 decks)

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