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BDS3 ANATOMY > 14 - Parotid region and facial nerve > Flashcards

14 - Parotid region and facial nerve Flashcards

1
Q

What is the parotid gland and what is its function?

A
  • largest of the salivary glands
  • almost entirely serous secretions, no mucus
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2
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A
  • parotid bed
  • outside of the oral cavity
  • anterior and inferior to the ear
  • stretches from the zygoma to the inferior border of the mandible
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3
Q

Describe the fascia surrounding the parotid gland.

A

Investing fascia called the parotid sheath

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4
Q

Describe the location of the parotid duct.

A
  • passes anteriorly and horizontally from the parotid duct
  • pierces buccinator
  • enters the oral cavity at the 2nd maxillary molar
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5
Q

What structures are embedded within the parotid gland?

A
  • retromandibular vein
  • ECA
  • parotid lymph nodes
  • CN VII
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6
Q

Describe the blood supply of the parotid gland.

A
  • ECA runs through the gland
  • branches of the ECA supply the gland (superficial temporal and maxillary arteries)
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7
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the parotid gland.

A
  • maxillary
  • superficial temporal
  • these 2 veins form the retromandibular vein which drains to the IJV and EJV
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8
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland.

A
  • parasympathetic (secretomotor)
  • preganglionic fibres from CN IX travel to the otic ganglion by the tympanic and lesser petrosal nerve
  • postganglionic fibres from the otic ganglion pass to the auriculotemporal (CN V3) which sends branches to the parotid
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9
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland.

A
  • vasoconstriction and reduction in saliva production
  • superior cervical ganglion and the ECA nerve plexus
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10
Q

Describe the route of the infratemporal portion of the facial nerve as it exits the skull.

A
  • exits the pons as 2 roots (sensory and parasympathetic motor)
  • roots enter internal acoustic meatus and facial canal
  • roots fuse to form geniculate ganglion
  • greater petrosal nerve branches here
  • facial nerve travels inferiorly giving 2 branches, nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani
  • facial nerve exits skull via stylomastoid foramen
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11
Q

What are the 2 portions of the facial nerve?

A
  • infratemporal portion
  • extratemporal portion
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12
Q

Describe the route of the extratemporal portion of the facial nerve.

A
  • exits skull via stylomastoid foramen
  • 2 branches, posterior auricular and digastric branches
  • main nerve enters parotid gland
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13
Q

What branches in the parotid plexus?

A
  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • buccal
  • marginal mandibular
  • cervical
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14
Q

What do the temporal branches of the facial nerve supply?

A

Muscles of temple, forehead and supraorbital area

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15
Q

What do the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve supply?

A

Muscles of infraorbital area, the lateral nasal area and the upper lip

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16
Q

What do the buccal branches of the facial nerve supply?

A

Muscles of the cheek, the upper lip and the corners of the mouth

17
Q

What do the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve supply?

A

Muscles of the lower lip, chin and resorious.

18
Q

What do the cervical branches of the facial nerve supply?

A

Platysma

19
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Facial paralysis that usual affects both the upper and lower face

20
Q

What causes Bell’s palsy?

A
  • cause unknown
  • may be viral infections
  • paralysis an also be caused by dental anaesthesia
21
Q

How do you treat Bell’s palsy?

A
  • steroids
  • anti-virals
  • eye patch is important on the affected side to prevent injury to the eye
  • can be treated surgically (with tendon or nerve from the leg) if long term
22
Q

What are the surgical options for treatment of Bell’s palsy?

A
  • sling to hold up side of mouth (using tendon from leg)
  • gold weight within eyelid to assist with closing
23
Q

How do tumours of the parotid gland affect the facial nerve?

A
  • impinge on the nerve and cause palsy
  • usually benign (70-80%)
  • NB: majority of salivary gland cancers begin in the parotid
24
Q

What nerve can be used as a graft if the facial nerve is damaged?

A

Great auricular nerve

25
Q

What is mumps?

A
  • viral infection that causes swelling of the parotid gland
  • MMR vaccine protects against

BDS3 ANATOMY (27 decks)

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