Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

-MSK Diseases > 14. Neuromuscular Conditions > Flashcards

14. Neuromuscular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are Neuromuscular Conditions?

A

Conditions affecting control of Voluntary Muscles:

  1. Cerebral Palsy (Problem in the Brain)
  2. Spina Bifida (Problem in the Spinal Cord)
  3. Muscular Dystrophy (Problem in the Skeletal Muscle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the Range of Needs for someone with a Neuromuscular Condition?

A

1 .Outpatient Care

  1. Inpatient Care
  2. Complex Needs
  3. Complex Exceptional Needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is a Child with Multiple (Complex) Disabilities regarded to have Complex Needs?

A

Whe it has at least 2 different types of severe / profound impairment such that no one professional, agency, or discipline has a monopoly in the assessment and management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is included in Complex Exceptional Needs?

A 
Severe impairment 4+ categories (or 2+ with ventilation):
1. Learning and Mental Function
2. Communication
3. Motor Skills
4. Self Care
5. Hearing
6. Vision
Note - Also the case if impairments are sustained for 6 months +
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. A permanent (non-progressive) motor disorder, due to the brain being damaged before the child reaches 2
  2. The lesion is static but the clinical picture is not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can cause Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. Prenatal:
  2. a) Placental insufficiency
  3. b) Smoking / Alcohol / Drugs
  4. c) Infection (Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, Herpes) and Toxaemia
  5. Perinatal: Prematurity, Anoxic Injuries, Infections
  6. Postnatal: Infection (CMV, Rubella) / Head Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different Physiological Classifications of Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. Spastic (Pyramidal System, Motor Cortex)
  2. Athetoid (Extrapyramidal System, Basal Ganglia)
  3. Ataxia (Cerebellum, Brainstem)
  4. Rigid (Basal Ganglia, Motor Cortex)
  5. Hemiballistic
  6. Mixed (Combination of Spasticity and Atheosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Different Anatomical Classifications of Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. Monoplegia (One Limb Involved)
  2. Hemoplegia (One Side of the Body)
  3. Deiplegia (Lower Limbs)
  4. Quadriplegia / Total Body Involvement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How might Cerebral Palsy present?

A
  1. Spasticity
  2. Lack of Voluntary Control / Poor Coordination
  3. Weakness / Sensory Impairment
  4. Persistence of 2+ Primitive Reflexes
  5. Dynamic Contractures (Increased Muscle Tone and Hyperreflexia; No Fixed-Deformity of Joints)
  6. Fixed Muscle Contractures (Persistent Spasticity and Contractures; Shortened Muscle Tendon Units)
  7. Fixed Contractures with Joint Subluxation / Dislocation and Secondary Bone Changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Orthropaedic Priorities in Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. Spine
  2. Hip
  3. Feet
  4. Torsional Lower Limb Problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the System Goals of Orthopaedics in Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. Sitting Balance
  2. Standing Posture
  3. Gait
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is Pathology of Cerebral Palsy assessed?

A
  1. History - Functional Problems
  2. Examination - Forces of Concern; Anatomical Issues
  3. Investigation - Gait Analysis; Radiographs; MRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is Gait Analysed in Cerebral Palsy?

Note - This is done in a compliant patient > 5 years old

A
  1. Observation (Antalgic, Trendelenburg)
  2. Video
  3. 3D instrumented Analysis
  4. EMG, Energy Expenditure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is analysed in Gait in Cerebral Palsy?

A

Kinematics:

  1. Cadence - Steps per Minute
  2. Step Length - Right Initial Contact to Left Initial Contact
  3. Stride Length - Right Initial Contact to Right Initial Contact
  4. Velocity - Distance / Time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What Spine Complication is common in Cerebral Palsy?

A

Scoliosis

Note - Severity parallels Neurological Involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What Hip Complication is common in Cerebral Palsy?

A

Hip Displacement

Note - Likelihood of Displacement is related to the General Motor Function

17
Q

What is assessed in a Musculoskeletal Examination of the Hip, for someone with Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. Hip Range of Movements - Pain
  2. Hamstring Tightness
  3. Pelvic Obliquity
    Note - This is unreliable
18
Q

What are the different Levels of General Motor Function Classification (GMFCs), in relation to Cerebral Palsy?

A

Level 1 - Walks without Limitation
Level 2 - Walks with Limitations
Level 3 - Walks using a Hand-Held Mobility Device
Level 4 - Self-Mobility with Limitations (May use Powered Mobility)
Level 5 - Transported in a Manual Wheelchair
Note - The Higher the Level, the higher the risk of dislocation

19
Q

What are the different Interventions available for Cerebral Palsy treatment?

A
  1. Posture Management - Physiotherapy
  2. Spasitcity Management:
  3. a) General - Baclofen, Diazepam
  4. b) Specific - Botulinum Toxin (BoTox), Surgery
  5. Deformity Management:
  6. a) Soft-Tissue Release - Adductors, Hamstring
  7. b) Bony Realignment - Varus Derotation / Pelvic Osteotomy
20
Q

In relation to the decision for Surgical treatment of Cerebral Palsy, what are the

  1. Pro’s?
  2. Con’s?
A
  1. a) Reduced Risk of Dislocation
  2. b) Reduced Risk of Pain
  3. c) Better Seating
  4. a) Not all would have done on to dislocate
  5. b) Big Surgery
21
Q

What are the aims for Surgical Treatment of the Spine, for Cerebral Palsy?

A
  1. a) Maintain Seating
  2. b) Maintain Respiratory Function
  3. c) Avoid Rib / Pelvic Impingement
22
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

Failure to close the Neural Tube

23
Q

What is protective against Spina Bifida?

A

Folic Acid - 400mcg/day

24
Q

What is the Spectrum of Spina Bifida?

A
  1. Occulta - Benign
  2. Meningocele (Rare)
  3. Myelomeningocele
  4. Encephalocele
  5. Anecephaly
25
Q

What is the management of Meningocele Spina Bifida?

A

Cyst Removed

Note - Usually Neurologically Intact

26
Q

What are the complications of Myelomeningocele Spina Bifida?

A

The Nerve Roots are in the Cyst, so:

  1. Hydrocephaly
  2. Chairi 2 Malformation
  3. Tethered Cord
  4. Urinary Tract Problems
  5. Locomotor Limitation
  6. Learning Disability
  7. Latex allergy
27
Q

What is Muscular Dystrophy?

A

Progressive Muscle Weakness

28
Q

Who is more likely to get Muscular Dystrophy?

29
Q

How is Muscular Dystrophy diagnosed?

A
  1. Muscle Biopsy
  2. DNA
  3. Blood Enzymes
  4. Electromyogram (EMG)
30
Q

What are the concern of Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  1. Cardiomyopathy

2. Respiratory Failure

31
Q

What are 2 main types of Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  1. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

2. Becker Muscular Dystrophy

32
Q

What is the difference between:
1. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
and
2. Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  1. Failure to make Dystrophin, Wheelchair by 12, Surgery Indicated
  2. Limited but poor Dystrophin, Milder, Later onset
33
Q

What is the presentation of Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  1. Shoulers / Back held back awkwardly when walking
  2. Sway Back / Weak Butt Muscles
  3. Belly Sticks out due to weak Abdominal Muscles
  4. Weak Thighs / Knees Bend back to take weight
  5. Poor Balance
  6. Thick lower leg muscles, Tight Heel Cord
  7. Weak Muscles in from of the Leg - Foot Drop

-MSK Diseases (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions