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AQA A-level Politics: Ideologies > 1.4 Nationalism > Flashcards

1.4 Nationalism Flashcards

1
Q

what is an overview of Gottfried Von Herder?

A
  • 1744-1803
  • German philosopher
  • cultural nationalism
  • was part of the romantic reaction against the rational ideas of the enlightenment
  • he was principally concerned with the role of language in society
  • concept of Volk: the people are identified as the root of national culture, each nation should try to express this
  • he was also part of the growing nationalist German movement when Germany was split into many states
  • he was very concerned with the cultural distinctions that divided the world up into different nations
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2
Q

what is an overview of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

A
  • 1712-1778
  • democratic nationalism
  • a swiss/french philosopher of the enlightenment period
  • leading member of the philosophes, a group of radical thinkers who were a major influence on the French revolution
  • best known work is the ‘social contract’ (1762)
  • he is not normally thought of as a socialist thinker but his ideas on patriotism and civic pride influenced the idea of the nation-state in the 18th and 19th centuries
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3
Q

what is an overview of Giuseppe Mazzini?

A
  • 1805-72
  • liberal nationalism
  • he combined his philosophy with military action in the pursuit of his ideals
  • he was closely associated with Garibaldi and together they became the face of Italian nationalism
  • he founded a movement known as ‘young italy’ that wanted to overthrow hereditary monarchies that ruled the fragmented Italian peninsula
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4
Q

what is an overview of Charles Maurras?

A
  • 1868-1952
  • a very right-wing nationalist
  • in 1899 he founded a journal called ‘action francaises’ which was pro-monarchy, anti-semitic and anti-democratic
  • in WWII he supported the pro-fascist Vichy regime which governed France on behalf of German occupiers
  • he believed France had lost its greatness as a result of the loss of the monarchy, separation of church and state and obsession with democracy
  • chauvinism, hatred of ethnic minorities, backward looking, extreme, elitist
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5
Q

what is an overview of Marcus Garvey?

A
  • 1887-1940
  • a Jamaican politician, writer and entrepeneur
  • he believed African people were one single race who had been scattered by slavery and divided within Africa by colonial rule
  • black people must unite to throw off colonial rule and create a new free and united Africa
  • he wanted to unify the continent
  • post-colonial, black liberation, pan-Africanism, separatist
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6
Q

what are Herder, Rousseau and Mazzini’s view on the economy?

A
  • they had little interest in economics and their views simply reflected their different versions of nationalism
  • they were all revolting against existing systems so they tended to be against the prevailing economic orthodoxies of the day
  • these were often more protectionist/mercantilist than free trade
  • so to a very limited extent they were free traders not because they saw the economic benefits of this but because it fitted in with their general philosophy
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7
Q

how was socialist nationalist economics seen in Africa?

A
  • socialist economics and nationalism was seen particularly in Africa during and after decolonisation in the 50s and 60s
  • this was to solidify ideas of national identity and identify international capitalism as imperialist and distinguish black African indigenous economics against white settler colonial imperial economics (often to do with land ownership)
  • this often meant the sequestration of land (e.g. white farming land like in SA and Zim), control of wages, state direction of industry and high welfare spending
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8
Q

how was socialist nationalist economics seen in Cuba?

A
  • under Castro
  • had similar principles as in Africa e.g. the taking over and nationalisation by the state of foreign companies without compensation
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9
Q

what is an issue with socialist nationalist economics?

A
  • because of corruption many of the newly emerging nations saw tax revenue for welfare being siphoned off into personal bank accounts
  • first and second generation rulers were kleptocrats, as recently as Zuma in SA and still going on elsewhere
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10
Q

what is Garvey’s view on the economy?

A
  • he never talked about specific economic systems
  • however he would advocated for a separate African economy entirely
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11
Q

what is nativist economics?

A
  • nativismthe idea the the original national group should have economic benefits, advantages and priorities over more recent immigration
  • it is a mixture of cultural, racial, religious and local motiviations and varies from country to country but the one thing that links them all together is economy
  • due to globalisation, mass migration, movement of labour and international capital has contributed strongly to nativist economic ideals, causing a backlash
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12
Q

what system does nativist economics usually follow?

A
  • it has tended not to be free trade but protectionist
  • it puts the industries and jobs of the particular country first (even though this puts prices up as a result of lack of competition)
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13
Q

what are some modern examples of nativist economics?

A
  • following the principle that the native population whousl have priority over social welfare policies and housing, immigration should be limited/non-existent and domestic industries should be protected from foreign competition and trade
  • in China trade barriers have been erected against cheap imports
  • Donald Trump (and parts of the republican party) in their adversity to immigration
  • Marine Le Pen
  • Nigel Farage
  • Lee Kwan Yu of Singapore
  • all show keeping foreign economics out to protect the domestic national economy
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14
Q

what philosopher would support nativist economics?

A

Maurras

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15
Q

what common identities do nationalists see as influencing human nature?

A
  • culture
  • ethnicity
  • geography
  • language
  • religion
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16
Q

how do nationalists see human nature as being influenced by culture and language?

A
  • a cultural identity based on a common language is a key attribute of nationhood if not statehood
  • e.g. nations might be Wales, Catalonia, Lapland, Bavaria
  • Herder in particular stressed the importance of a common language as being essential to a shared culture and identity
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17
Q

how do nationalists see human nature as being influenced by religion?

A
  • they see it as important if not essential for human nature: a belief in life after death and a greater value to bind people together
  • religion as a key element of human nature appears more prevalent in the middle east today or in less developed countries
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18
Q

how did Rousseau view human nature?

A
  • influenced by the French enlightenment
  • took a rational approach to the desire of people to be free
  • best works are on psychology, education, upbringing and the individual
  • he desired for the perfectibility of human nature, freedom and liberty from foreign rule
  • focused on the cultural and geographical aspects of human nature the most
19
Q

how did Mazzini view human nature?

A
  • took an emotional approach
  • like Rousseau he desired for the perfectibility of human nature, freedom and liberty from foreign rule
20
Q

how did Maurras’ view human nature?

A
  • argued human nature was based on ethnic identity (hence he argued there was no place in France for Jewish people)
  • to a lesser degree he stressed religion with the view that the French state and Catholic church should be united
21
Q

how did Von Herder view human nature?

A
  • put all the focus on language
  • his concept of the German ‘volk’
22
Q

how can nationalism become racist?

A
  • with too much of a focus on ethnicity and race in forming the state
  • e.g. Hitler’s Germany, apartheid South Africa, China and Myanmar’s treatment of their minority population, India with Muslim mistreatment
  • this is also seen in Garvey’s thought who argued black people were morally superior to white ones therefore the two races should not mix
23
Q

what principle underpins nationalists views on the state?

A

national self-determination

  • this came from the 18th century and was particularly popularised by Rousseau
  • he argued individuals are born with natural rights but these were compromised by absolute monarchies
  • therefore self-determination in a republican state governed by the consent of the people was the best way of protecting natural rights
24
Q

what is a cultural nationalists view on the state?

A
  • particularly Von Herder and Mazzini: the collective identity of the people being based on a common language and culture
  • Mazzini shared Herder’s views but translated them to an Italian setting
  • they both looked to the future for progress and change
  • although Herder was conservative and Mazzini was liberal so there are some nuances as to what extent the state should be preserved
25
Q

how did Maurras’ view the state?

A
  • he wanted the state to return to by-gone glories unlike Mazzini and Herder
  • the state should be centred on principles of racial superiority
  • there should be return to racial purity, the Roman Catholic church, antisemitism and the greatness of pre-1789 France (the reign of Louis XIV to be recreated?)
26
Q

what was Garvey’s view on the state?

A
  • didn’t really seem to like the idea of the state at all, seeing it as a white concept designed to divide and rule black people
  • he preferred continents, or just the continent of Africa, over a state
27
Q

how is multiculturalism an issue for the nationalist state?

A
  • states are increasingly large (i.e. GB, Russia, China, India, the US) meaning they are more likely to be multinational
  • there is the issue of how to integrate minorities with majorities without neglecting either group
  • countries wholly based on immigration (e.g. the US) create their own kind of civi nationalism based on political culture, symbolism, practice, values and language
  • another approach is to embrace such diversity and allow it to flourish e.g. South Africa ‘the rainbow nation’
  • but even rainbow nations need to be well governed
28
Q

what is a civic nationalist society?

A
  • better seen in older more established democracies where the consent of the people has been given to the government via the social contract
  • most democracies have civic nationalism (they might be inextricably linked?) e.g. Australia: cricket, weather, living standards - Japan: paternalistic capitalism, family values, respect for old age
  • in the US civic nationalism comes from the constitution and cultural values like patriotism, religion and the ‘American dream’
  • In Britain it comes from the monarchy, an unwritten constitution and a soft power approach that has allowed an old country to adapt to modern issues
  • both major varieties of civic nationalism (US and UK) have issues such as economic challenges for UK and loss of power and influence for US
29
Q

what is a socialist nationalist society?

A
  • best seen in China
  • its party system of control of both politics and the economy has taken over much of Africa and created an a dependency on Chinese wealth to maintain and improve African countries’ standards of living
  • this has been remarkably successful both at home and abroad
30
Q

what is a liberal nationalist society?

A
  • shares many ideals as civic society
  • it underpins the EU which often talks of ‘shared European values’
  • but they are often seen as run by and for the elite
  • they tend to see simple solutions to very complex problems e.g. immigration, economic imbalances, environmental issues and often just comes across as patronising
  • this approach also often leads to the rise of nativist political parties e.g. Trump’s republicans, UKIP, AfD in Germany, National Rally in france and Brothers of Italy
  • therefore liberalism wrongly handled begets populism
  • the liberalism of western socities also goes down very badly in the rest of the world where traditional values remain important
31
Q

who are liberal nationalists?

A

Rousseau and Mazzini

32
Q

what is liberal nationalism?

A
  • stemmed from the 18th century enlightenment period in England, France and Scotland
  • the political community/state should be based on cultural linguistic and ethnic identity
  • uniting states into one nation
  • believed nations are entitled to liberties and rights but most importantly self-determination
  • opposed to foreign domination in favour of constitutionalism and representation which all nations are entitled to
  • the allowance of self-determination will lead to stable world order
  • national interdependence promoted to stop international anarchy through free trade (which would remove any economic incentive to wage war) e.g. aim of the EU
  • it is inclusive, to join a nation you must simply share its values, membership can be gained quickly
33
Q

who is a conservative nationalist?

A

Von Herder

34
Q

who are radical nationalists?

A

Maurras and Garvey

35
Q

how did Rousseau view the state

A
  • as just a collection of likeminded people who share the same cultural values
  • open and welcome to anyone who shares said values
  • this would create a national spirit that would unite people in a social contract and lead to a democracy where all people are theoretically equal
  • the state’s legimitacy is based on the active participation of its citizens e.g. through voting
  • government’s derive their authority through the collective will of the people
36
Q

what is conservative nationalism?

A
  • seen as a way of maintaining social order
  • apply the principle of an organic society to nations, they should emerge naturally amongst those who want to live with those similar to them
  • patriotism is encouraged to increase the sense of national community and decrease chances of a revolution
  • emphasis on tradition in a regressive way (military, monarchy, institutions etc.) to increase national pride
  • leans more towards to exclusiveness, not anyone can join a nation it takes time
  • cultural diversity leads to instability and conflict, stable societies are based on shared values so influence of minority groups restricted
  • they have reservations about international organisations like the EU as they pose a threat to national identity (e.g. UK brexit)
37
Q

what is radical nationalism?

A

comprised of anti and post-colonial nationalism and expansionist nationalism

38
Q

how is Von Herder a conservative nationalist?

A
  • argued patriotism is an important quality to have and people should be encouraged to understand the distinctive qualities of their nation
  • every nation is different with its own unique cultural character
  • his concept of volk leans more towards the exclusive stance of conservative over liberal nationalism
  • more associated with culturalism and rejected rational forms of nationalism
39
Q

how is Maurras a radical nationalist?

A
  • very emotional form of nationalism
  • the state should have a strong military ethos
  • nations should be put before individuals allowing for a totalitarian state that would be aggressively expansionist
  • individuals should be unquestioningly loyal to the state
  • highly exclusivist
40
Q

how is Mazzini a liberal nationalist?

A
  • was trying to free Italy from Austrian Habsburg control for a republican, democratic Italy
  • although he is a liberal nationalist he did see the freedom of the nation as more important than that of the individual as the state is the ultimate expression of human freedom
  • patriotism is seen as a duty
  • believed people had been divided into nations by God
  • very idealistic, not at all backward looking like conservative nationalism
41
Q

words/phrases to sum up liberal nationalism?

A
  • uniting states into one nation
  • inclusive
  • representation and individualism
  • constitutionalism
  • national interdependence
  • self determination
  • liberties and rights
  • collective will of the people
  • liberation from oppressive powers
42
Q

words/phrases to sum up conservative nationlism?

A
  • exclusiveness
  • tradition
  • pragmatism and the organic state
  • patriotism
  • strong cultural identity
  • mainting social order
  • reservations about international organisations
43
Q

words/phrases to sum up radical nationalism?

A
  • chauvinism
  • racial
  • nativism
  • expansionism
  • aggressive
  • post-colonial
  • separatist
44
Q

what is post-colonial nationalism?

A
  • try to mix socialist economics with national politics as an anti-imperial response
  • it often leads to authoritarian governments due to the lack of democracy

AQA A-level Politics: Ideologies (4 decks)

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