1.4 MI Study Guide PLTW

Question 1

Vaccine

Answer 1

A harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates a hosts immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

Question 2

Vaccination

Answer 2

A procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless variant of a pathogen, thereby stimulating the immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen

Question 3

What is smallpox?

Answer 3

A highly infectious disease characterized by small lesions on the skin, and ravaged society for centuries

Question 4

What was Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccination experiment?

Answer 4

Exposing a health patient to cowpox, a similar, yet less lethal virus, Jenner was able to make this individual immune to smallpox.

Question 5

What happened to smallpox after the vaccine came out?

Answer 5

Wiped smallpox off the planet

Question 6

What is a Live Attenuated Vaccine

Answer 6

Using a weakened version of a virus or bacterium so it cannot cause disease but still triggers an immune response

Question 7

Live Attenuated Vaccine Examples

Answer 7

MMR, Polio (Oral), Yellow Fever

Question 8

Killed/Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 8

made by killing or inactivating the virus or bacterium with heat, chemicals, or radiation, ensuring that it cannot replicate or cause disease

Question 9

Killed/Inactivated Vaccine Examples

Answer 9

Polio (Inactivated), Hepatitis A, Rabies

Question 10

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 10

made by inactivating bacterial toxins (exotoxins) using heat or chemicals. The inactivated toxin (toxoid) stimulates the immune system to produce antibiotics

Question 11

Toxoid Vaccine Examples

Answer 11

Diphtheria, Tetanus

Question 12

Subunit/Conjugate Vaccine

Answer 12

These vaccines only contain specific parts of thee pathogen (proteins/sugars) Conjugate vaccines combine polysaccharide antigens from the pathogen with the proteins to enhance the immune response (especially in young children)

Question 13

Subunit/Conjugate Vaccine Examples

Answer 13

Hepatic B, Hib, PCV13

Question 14

mRNA Vaccine

Answer 14

These vaccines injects mRNA to instruct cells to produce protein similar to a part of the virus. The immune system recognizes this as foreign and mounts an immune response

Question 15

mRNA Vaccine Examples

Answer 15

Covid-19

Question 16

Viral Vector Vaccine

Answer 16

use a different virus as a vector to deliver genetic material from the target virus into human cells. The genetic material then instructs the body to produce a protein from the pathogen prompting an immune response

Question 17

Viral Vector Vaccine Examples

Answer 17

Johnson & Johnson Janssen Covid-19, AstraZeneca Covid-19

Question 18

How body works with a vaccine

Answer 18

vaccine → recognition by immune system —> Binding and neutralization—> Activation of helper T-cells—> activation of B Cells and antibody production—> Activation of cytotoxic T cells—> Formation of memory cells—> clearing of vaccine antigen—> immunity

Question 19

How the body works against a pathogen

Answer 19

pathogen→ pathogen recognition —> recognition by immune system—> binding and neutralizing—> activation of T cells—> phagocytosis

Question 20

Recombinant DNA

Answer 20

A DNA molecule made in nitro with segments from different sources

Question 21

Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 21

The process of cutting and Recombining DNA fragments

Question 22

Plasmids

Answer 22

A small DNA ring that carries accessory genes separate from those bacterial chromosomes

Question 23

Vectors

Answer 23

An agent (as a plasmid or virus) that contains or carries a modified genetic material that can be used to introduce extra genes into a genome of an organism

Question 24

Genes

Answer 24

A discrete unit of hereditary informations consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA and codes for proteins

Question 25

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 25

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific necelotide sequences and cuts up DNA

Question 26

DNA ligase

Answer 26

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques

Question 27

What Characteristics make p an effective Vaccine?

Answer 27

Has low levals of side effects/toxicity, Protects against exposure to natural/ wild forms of a pathogen, should stimulate both an B-call and T-call response, and should not need many boosters (immunogical memory)