1.4 MI Study Guide PLTW

Question 1

Vaccine

Answer 1

A harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates a hosts immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

Question 2

Vaccination

Answer 2

A procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless variant of a pathogen, thereby stimulating the immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen

Question 3

What is smallpox?

Answer 3

A highly infectious disease characterized by small lesions on the skin, and ravaged society for centuries

Question 4

What was Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccination experiment?

Answer 4

Exposing a health patient to cowpox, a similar, yet less lethal virus, Jenner was able to make this individual immune to smallpox.

Question 5

What happened to smallpox after the vaccine came out?

Answer 5

Wiped smallpox off the planet

Question 6

What is a Live Attenuated Vaccine

Answer 6

Using a weakened version of a virus or bacterium so it cannot cause disease but still triggers an immune response

Question 7

Live Attenuated Vaccine Examples

Answer 7

MMR, Polio (Oral), Yellow Fever

Question 8

Killed/Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 8

made by killing or inactivating the virus or bacterium with heat, chemicals, or radiation, ensuring that it cannot replicate or cause disease

Question 9

Killed/Inactivated Vaccine Examples

Answer 9

Polio (Inactivated), Hepatitis A, Rabies

Question 10

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 10

made by inactivating bacterial toxins (exotoxins) using heat or chemicals. The inactivated toxin (toxoid) stimulates the immune system to produce antibiotics

Question 11

Toxoid Vaccine Examples

Answer 11

Diphtheria, Tetanus

Question 12

Subunit/Conjugate Vaccine

Answer 12

These vaccines only contain specific parts of the pathogen (proteins/sugars) Conjugate vaccines combine polysaccharide antigens from the pathogen with the proteins to enhance the immune response (especially in young children)

Question 13

Subunit/Conjugate Vaccine Examples

Answer 13

Hepatic B, Hib, PCV13

Question 14

mRNA Vaccine

Answer 14

These vaccines injects mRNA to instruct cells to produce protein similar to a part of the virus. The immune system recognizes this as foreign and mounts an immune response

Question 15

mRNA Vaccine Examples

Answer 15

Covid-19

Question 16

Viral Vector Vaccine

Answer 16

use a different virus as a vector to deliver genetic material from the target virus into human cells. The genetic material then instructs the body to produce a protein from the pathogen prompting an immune response

Question 17

Viral Vector Vaccine Examples

Answer 17

Johnson & Johnson Janssen Covid-19, AstraZeneca Covid-19

Question 18

How body works with a vaccine

Answer 18

vaccine → recognition by immune system —> Binding and neutralization—> Activation of helper T-cells—> activation of B Cells and antibody production—> Activation of cytotoxic T cells—> Formation of memory cells—> clearing of vaccine antigen—> immunity

Question 19

How the body works against a pathogen

Answer 19

pathogen→ pathogen recognition —> recognition by immune system—> binding and neutralizing—> activation of T cells—> phagocytosis

Question 20

Recombinant DNA

Answer 20

A DNA molecule made in nitro with segments from different sources

Question 21

Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 21

The process of cutting and Recombining DNA fragments

Question 22

Plasmids

Answer 22

A small DNA ring that carries accessory genes separate from those bacterial chromosomes

Question 23

Vectors

Answer 23

An agent (as a plasmid or virus) that contains or carries a modified genetic material that can be used to introduce extra genes into a genome of an organism

Question 24

Genes

Answer 24

A discrete unit of hereditary informations consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA and codes for proteins

Question 25

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 25

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific necelotide sequences and cuts up DNA

Question 26

DNA ligase

Answer 26

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques

Question 27

What Characteristics make an effective Vaccine?

Answer 27

Has low levals of side effects/toxicity, Protects against exposure to natural/ wild forms of a pathogen, should stimulate both an B-call and T-call response, and should not need many boosters (immunogical memory)

Question 28

Where are the routes of adminstartions for a vaccinne

Answer 28

Mainly administered through injection (Subcataneous-fatty layer, Intrmuscular-muscle layer, and Intradermal-dermis-epidermis layer). There are also oral vaccines

Question 29

Explain how recombinant DNA is preformed?

Answer 29

Recombinant DNA is when DNA and plasmid is cut using restriction enzymes and cutting restriction sites. Some of these sites can make a blunt (even) end or sticky ends (uneven). These sticky ends are used to make recombinant DNA molecules. This is used to cut a specific gene or interest so it can be inserted into a plasmid. Then once connected DNA ligase (linkining enzyme) brings/joins the DNA together.

Question 30

What can go wrong during recombinet DNA?

Answer 30

Ligation could be unsuccessful sometimes the plasmid will ligate without a gene (self-ligation), Other items the DNA can be inserted backwards (inversion)

Question 31

What are the two tools of molecular biology?

Answer 31

Restriction Enzymes (scissors) and DNA Ligase (glue)

Question 32

What are the 4 guidelines needed for creating a new plasmid?

Answer 32

1) Use 1 restriction enzyme that will cut the plasmid ring as the viral gene (should not cut into to many small pieces) 2) Do not cut more than 20bps off of either side 3) It should not interup the orgin of replication (ori) or antibiotic resistance gene 4) Must have sticky ends.

Question 33

Why HaeIII is unlikely to be used to create recombinant DNA

Answer 33

HaeIII creates blunt ends which makes it harder for DNA fragements to join together

Question 34

Epidemiology

Answer 34

A medical science that delas with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

Question 35

What are the (3) various roles held by an epidemiologists?

Answer 35

- Moniter the health of populations and search for patterns in diseases - Assist in outbreak investigations - Examine lifestyle factors/relationships to chronic illnesses

Question 36

What is the role of an epidemiologist? What are they involved in?

Answer 36

investigate health related matters such as disease outbreaks and chronic illnesses by gathering information, examining data, and looking for patterns.

Question 37

What causes cholera?

Answer 37

Passed through feces

Question 38

How is cholera transmitted?

Answer 38

Through the consumption of contaminated water or food

Question 39

What are the symptoms of cholera

Answer 39

- Dehydration - Diarrhea - Vommiting - Abdominal Cramps - Muscle weakness - Fatigue - Low BP

Question 40

How do you calculate the attack rate? | formula

Answer 40

people who are ill/total amount of people who consumed

Question 41

What is an epidemic curve?

Answer 41

A visual display of the onset of illness among cases associated with an outbreak. The epi-curve is represented by a graph with two axes that intersect at right angles

Question 42

What information can an epidemic curve tell you?

Answer 42

Time trends, Outliers, magnitude, pattern of spread, and the likely time of exposure

Question 43

What is the difference between a cohort study and a case study?

Answer 43

A cohort study follows a group of individuals (the cohort) over time to observe the occurrence of a specific outcome. Case studies, on the other hand, delve deep into a single individual, group, or event to explore a complex issue or phenomenon in detail

Question 44

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a cohort study

Answer 44

Advantages: Directly measure the risk and rate of a health outcome occurrence overtime Disadvantages: Require large sample sizes, expensive and time consuming

Question 45

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a case study

Answer 45

Advantages: Most effective for rare disease outcomes, and could have similar results to a cohort study it would just take less time Disadvantages: Does not yield an estimate for risk or rate, not efficient in control groups