1.1 MI Study Guide PLTW

Question 1

Medical Intervention

Answer 1

Anything used to improve health or later the course of a disease

Question 2

Outbreak

Answer 2

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease

Question 3

pathogen

Answer 3

A specific cause or agent of disease

Question 4

What is a Contact Tracer

Answer 4

The personnel responsible for finding connections between individuals and track disease exposure

Question 5

bioinformatics

Answer 5

a scientific field that uses computer science and biology to collect, store, analyze, and share biological data

Question 6

genome

Answer 6

the complement of an organism’s genes; an organisms genetic material

Question 7

bioinformatician

Answer 7

Scientists involved in the field of bioinformatics

Question 8

What is DNA sequencing?

Answer 8

How scientists determine the precise order of nucleotides in a molecule.

Question 9

Which Nucleotides belong to each color tag?

Answer 9

Red-Thymine
Green-Adenine
Cytosine-Blue
Yellow/Black-Guanine

Question 10

What are the 6 steps in order of gene sequencing?

Answer 10

1. DNA strand untwists and spits up the ladder, and also makes copies by using PCR
2. Denature: uses heat which breaks up H-Bonds
3. Anneal: adds primer to signal where to start
4. Extend (adding nucleotides): adds matching pairs with tags to polymerase template
5. Gene Sequencing: Random tagging of genes will occur and end abruptly
6. Using modified Electrophoresis which uses a scanner to detect fluorescent tags to give different wave patterns

Question 11

BLAST

Answer 11

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

Question 12

GenBank Database

Answer 12

The national library of medicine

Question 13

Why is PCR used in DNA sequencing?

Answer 13

PCR is used to make infinite copies of DNA to test during DNA sequencing.

Question 14

How can DNA sequencing be used to identify other classes of pathogens, such as viruses?

Answer 14

DNA sequencing can determine the exact order of nucleotides and compare them to other pathogens/ viruses

Question 15

What is Tube Dilution used for?

Answer 15

To measure the concentration of antibiotic needed to inhibit bacterial growth

Question 16

Tube Dilution (Formula)

Answer 16

amount of solute (thing being dissolved) / total amount of solution (solute+solvent)

Question 17

Final Dilution (Formula)

Answer 17

Tube Dilution of first tube (multiplied by) tube dilution of the next

Question 18

Final Concentraion (Formula)

Answer 18

Original Concentraion (given) (multiplied by) final dilution

Question 19

antibody

Answer 19

A protein secreted by plasma cells that binds to a particular antigen and marks for elimination

Question 20

antigen

Answer 20

A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response

Question 21

Booster

Answer 21

A Vaccination given after a previous vaccination

Question 22

Concentration

Answer 22

The amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another substance

Question 23

Solvent

Answer 23

A liquid substance capable of dissolving another substance

Question 24

Solution

Answer 24

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gasses, or a combination of these

Question 25

What does ELISA stand for?

Answer 25

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Question 26

What is ELISA?

Answer 26

A laboratory technique that detects and measures the amount of a substance in a sample. It usue antibodies linked to enzymes to detect the presence of antigens, antibodies, proteins, and hormones in bodily fluid.

Question 27

Enzyme

Answer 27

A protein serving as a catalyst; a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 28

Qualitative Results

Answer 28

Research findings that are descriptive and expressed in words rather than numbers

Question 29

Quantitative Results

Answer 29

Numerical Data that can be analyzed statistically to provide precise answers to research questions

Question 30

What are the steps in order that are included in ELISA?

Answer 30

1. Add sample
   -select proteins will stick to wall
2. Add primary Antibody
   -Sticks to Select Proteins on well walls
3. Add Secondary Antibody
   -sticks to primary antibody with tagged enzyme
4. Add substrate B
   -Sticks to secondary antibodies which will create a color change
5. Look for positive/negative indicators from color changes

Question 31

What are the two types of ELISA? What do they do?

Answer 31

1). Antigen ELISA: Measuring the amount of antigens in the body
2). Antibody ELISA: Measuring the amount of antibodies in the body

Question 32

Why do we use Antigen ELISA?

Answer 32

To determine if someone is infected or if you have a high viral load, otherwise known as patient 0.

Question 33

Why do we use Antibody ELISA?

Answer 33

To determine whether your immune system is immune to a pathogen or not, or if you’ve recovered from an illness.