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GI / Hepatology > 14 - GI Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

14 - GI Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Motility

A

Movements of the bowel that influence the transport of luminal contents

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

Act of taking food into the mouth

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3
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing food and moistening it with saliva

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4
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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5
Q

Peristalsis

A

Oral contraction and anal relaxation, which is propulsive

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6
Q

Secretion

A

Exocrine to lumen of gut, endocrine to blood

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7
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of ingested macromolecules into absorbable smaller subunits

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8
Q

Absorption

A

Transport of end products of digestion to blood and/or lymph

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9
Q

Storage

A

Temporary holding of ingested contents

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10
Q

Elimination

A

Getting rid of indigestible material

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11
Q

Sphincters of the gut

A 
Upper Esophageal
Lower Esophageal
Pyloric
Iliocecal
Internal Anal
External Anal
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12
Q

Gut Wall - Luminal

A

Mucosa:
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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13
Q

Gut Wall - Middle Layer

A

Submucosa:

Submucosal plexus

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14
Q

Gut Wall - Basal

A

Muscularis Externa:
Inner circular muscle
Outer longitudinal muscle
Myenteric Plexus

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15
Q

Gut Wall - Non-retroperitoneal parts

A

Adventitia:

Serosa

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16
Q

Esophagus - To resist abrasion

A

Stratified squamous nonkeritanized epithelium

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17
Q

Stomach - To digest

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Basic plan of the gut wall layers (illustrated by esophagus)

A

Stratified squamous nonkeritanized epithelium (to resist abrasion)
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa (express lymph and fluid from the fluid in the lamina propria) - contains fenestrated blood vessels, the most permeable in the body.
Muscularis externa: Inner circulate & outer longitudinal

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19
Q

Upper esophagus - Muscularis externa

A

Mostly striated

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20
Q

Middle esophagus - Muscularis externa

A

Mix of striated and smooth

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21
Q

Lower esophagus - Muscularis externa

A

Mostly smooth

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22
Q

Regions of the stomach

A 
Lower esophageal sphincter
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus
Duodenum

Also split into Orad and Caudad region, about halfway through the body.

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23
Q

Fundic region

A

Rises above the entrance of the esophagus.

Contains air very often.

24
Q

Body/corpus

A

Large region into which food is delivered.

25
Antrum
Different | Separated from duodenum by pyloric sphincter.
26
Oxyntic region of the stomach
``` Corpus + Fundus Makes HCl Makes pepsinogen Contains parietal cells Contains chief cells ```
27
Parietal Cells
Make HCl | Make Intrinsic Factor
28
Chief Cells
Make Pepsinogen
29
HCl
Acid!
30
Intrinsic Factor
The one component made by stomach completely vital for health. Need it to digest Vitamin B12. Without IF, you get pernicious anemia and demyelination of the spinal cord. B12 deficiency.
31
Pepsinogen
Pepsin precursor
32
Pyloric region
``` Antrum Makes Gastrin Makes mucus pepsinogen Contains G cells Contains Mucous cells ```
33
Gastrin
Stimulates the production of more HCl. Stimulates growth of gastric mucosa Produced in pyloric region of the stomach.
34
Mucus pepsinogen
Provides protection of mucosa from HCl
35
G Cells
Produce gastrin if stimulated by alkaline environment or nerve activation.
36
Mucous Cells
Produce mucous pepsinogen
37
Cells in the stomach
``` Surface mucous epithelial cells Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Chief cells Endocrine cells ```
38
Surface Mucous Cells
Superficial lining of surface and beginning of the pit area of the gland Defend stomach against HCl
39
Mucous neck cell
Stem cells to regenerate lost surface cells
40
Parietal cell
``` Oxyntic cells Abundant surface area when secreting Contains intracellular canaliculi & microvilli MANY Mitochondria Large Complex cristae ```
41
Chief cell
``` Secretes pepsinogen Specialized for regulation of secreted protein Abundant RER Huge number of zymogen granules Big Gogli ```
42
Endocrine cell
Scattered through the glands
43
Components of a gastric gland
Pit (SurfaceMucous Cells) Neck (Parietal cells, Mucous Neck Cells, Stem Cells, Enteroendocrine cells) Base (Chief Cells, Parietal Cells, Enteroendocrine Cells)
44
What do parietal cells store?
MEMBRANE!! In the resting state, there are tons of small tubulovesicles. These will become microvilli by exocytosis
45
What allows a parietal cell to secrete acid?
A H+/K+ pump!! Trades hydrogen for potassium Funded by ATP hydrolysis Cl- exits through channels in luminal membrane. Meets up with H+ and forms HCl in the lumen. Bicarb is made as a byproduct of reverse-combusting water and CO2. This bicarb exits into the interstitial space in exchange for Cl-.
46
Once HCl is secreted by a parietal cell, what pH changes occur where?
Lumen is acidic Blood is alkaline Digestion - YAYYYY CNS - sleepyyyyyy
47
What effects does stimulation of a parietal cell have?
Adds membrane and H+/K+ ATPase to the parietal cell surface.
48
Pepsin
Digestive enzyme
49
What is needed for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin?!
Low pH!! | Once some is converted, though, Pepsin can catalyse other pepsinogen, so it quickly becomes autocatalytic.
50
What happens to pepsin in an alkaline environment (Like in the duodenum)?!
It is irreversibly inactivated once it hits a pH > 3.5!!
51
Enteroendocrine Cells
Secrete into the lamina propria Secretion granules are basolateral, not apical Respond to luminal, neural or endocrine signals Polarized basolaterally Golgi lies between nucleus and base of cell Few to no apical granules Microvilli may be sensory
52
GI Peptides
Involved in endocrine, paracrine and neurocrine signaling
53
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
``` Promotes gall bladder contraction. Promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes Delays gastric emptying Induces satiety Trophic to pancreas and gall bladder. ```
54
Secretin
First hormone ever discovered | Promotes bicarb secretion from the pancreas, helps deal with the acid
55
Glucose-dependent Insolinotropic Peptide (GIP)
Promotes insulin release
56
Glucagon
Opposes insulin and promotes glycogenolysis
57
3 Secretogogues stimulating parietal cell acid secretion
Direct pathway - ACh from nerves, Gastrin, Histamine Indirect pathway - Nerves act on enteroendocrine cell, affecting histamine. Gastrin? I don't know...

GI / Hepatology (28 decks)

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