1.4 Education - Gender Differences In Achievement Flashcards
1
Q
What are the patterns of gender differences in educational achievement?
A
Girls outperform boys
2
Q
How has gender impacted educational experiences?
A
Major impact
3
Q
Who has overtaken whom in educational achievement?
A
Girls have overtaken boys
4
Q
End of year 1: Girls vs. boys in 7 areas?
A
Girls ahead by 7-17%
5
Q
Key Stages 1 to 3: Gender performance?
A
Girls do better
6
Q
Subject with widest gender gap in Key Stages 1 to 3?
A
English
7
Q
GCSE: Gender performance difference?
A
About 10%
8
Q
AS and A-Level: Gender performance?
A
Girls do better
9
Q
Who is more likely to achieve distinctions in vocational subjects?
A
Girls
10
Q
What is overshadowed by the attention given to girls outperforming boys in vocational subjects?
A
Underachievement of some girls
11
Q
What will be covered in this topic?
A
Gender gap in achievement
12
Q
Impact on girls’ attitude towards education
A
Role models and qualifications
13
Q
Significant change in women’s employment
A
From 53% to 67%
14
Q
1970 EPA significance
A
Equal pay for women
15
Q
What is the ‘glass ceiling’?
A
Invisible barrier for women
16
Q
What did Sharpe’s 1994 study reveal about girls’ expectations?
A
Shift to career prioritization
17
Q
How did girls’ priorities change from the 1970s to the 1990s?
A
From family to career
18
Q
What did Fuller (2011) find about girls’ educational success?
A
Part of identity
19
Q
What do girls believe in according to Fuller (2011)?
A
Meritocracy
20
Q
What do Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (2010) link to women’s career aspirations?
A
Trend in individualism
21
Q
What do careers offer women according to Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (2010)?
A
Recognition and self-sufficiency
22
Q
What do working class girls perceive about job availability?
A
Limited jobs
23
Q
How do traditional gender identities affect working class girls’ education?
A
Limited aspirations
24
Q
What has influenced the education policy regarding gender?
A
Feminist ideas
25
What do GIST and WISE encourage?
Girls in science and technology
26
What did the National Curriculum in 1988 remove?
Source of gender inequality
27
Who sees equal opportunities policies as key to girls' achievement?
Boaler (1998)
28
What has been removed to improve education success?
Barriers
29
What type of schooling is mentioned as improved?
Meritocratic
30
What is the significance of the increase in female teachers and heads?
Shows women can achieve positions of importance
31
What does an individual need to become a teacher?
Lengthy and successful education
32
What does Gorard (2005) claim about the gender gap in achievement?
Sharp increase in 1989 with GCSEs introduction
33
What does Gorard conclude about the gender gap?
Change in assessment
34
What has contributed to girls doing better in education?
Increased use of oral exams
35
According to Elwood (2005), what has more influence on final grades?
Exams
36
According to Francis (2001), how are boys disciplined compared to girls?
More harshly
37
What was Swann's (1998) finding about boys' communication styles in class?
Dominate discussions
38
What communication style do girls prefer, according to Swann (1998)?
Pair/group work
39
Why might teachers respond more positively to girls, according to Swann (1998)?
Better listening/cooperate
40
What potential effect does positive teacher interaction have on girls?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
41
What effect has challenging gender stereotypes had on girls' learning?
Removed barriers
42
Who claims that teachers have challenged gender stereotypes since the 1980s?
Weiner (1995)
43
How has marketisation affected schools' views on girls?
More desirable recruits
44
What did Jackson (1998) find about high achieving girls?
Attractive to schools
45
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in education according to Jackson?
Girls recruited do well
46
Why are boys less attractive to better schools according to Slee (1998)?
Behaviour difficulties
47
How much more likely are boys to be excluded compared to girls?
4x more likely
48
What term is used for boys in schools due to their behavior?
Liability students
49
What do Liberal Feminists celebrate in relation to girls' achievement?
Progress made so far
50
What do Liberal Feminists believe will lead to further progress?
Equal opportunities policies
51
How do Liberal Feminists view education?
As meritocratic
52
What do Radical Feminists argue about the education system?
It's still patriarchal
53
What is one issue girls face at school according to Radical Feminists?
Sexual harassment
54
What limits girls' career options according to Radical Feminists?
Subject choices
55
In what role are male teachers more likely to be found?
Heads of secondary schools
56
What concept does Weiner (1993) associate with secondary school history?
Women free zone
57
What do Archer et al. (2010) argue about working class girls?
Conflict between identities
58
What do working class girls gain from peers?
Symbolic capital
59
What do identities contribute to in education?
Social class differences
60
What strategies did the girls adopt?
Hyper-heterosexual feminine identity
61
What is 'othering' according to Archer?
Symbolic violence
62
How is the 'ideal female pupil' defined?
De-sexualised and middle class
63
How did having a boyfriend affect working-class girls in school?
Lowered aspirations
64
What was one conflict faced by 'loud' working-class girls?
Teacher expectations
65
What dilemma did working-class girls face?
Symbolic or educational capital
66
Why do working class girls want to go to university?
To help families
67
What reflects the motivation of working class girls according to Skeggs (1997)?
Caring identities
68
What is a key feature of working class habitus according to Archer?
Local preference
69
What conflict arises from working class feminine identities?
Educational success
70
What is a major cause of underachievement?
Self exclusion
71
What is a major factor for boys falling behind in school?
Poor literacy and language skills
72
What activity do mothers spend less time doing with their sons?
Reading
73
How is reading perceived in relation to gender?
Feminine activity
74
What cultural difference affects language skills between boys and girls?
Bedroom culture
75
What policies aim to improve boys' achievement?
National Literacy Strategy
76
What has happened to the manufacturing industry since the 1980s?
Relocated overseas for cheap labor
77
Who argues there is an 'identity crisis for men' due to job decline?
Mitsos and Browne
78
What is one consequence of the decline of traditional men's jobs?
Lack of self-esteem
79
What types of jobs have declined that affects men's employment?
Manual working class jobs
80
Sewell (2006): Why do boys fall behind in education?
Feminised curriculum
81
What traits does a feminised curriculum fail to nurture according to Sewell (2006)?
Competitiveness, leadership
82
According to Sewell (2006), who benefits more from coursework?
Girls
83
What is the National Literacy Strategy focused on?
Improving boys’ reading
84
What initiative encourages fathers to be more involved?
Dads and Sons
85
What is one strategy to raise boys' achievement?
Same sex teaching
86
What are Equal Opportunities Policies aimed at?
Ensure equality for girls
87
What does WISE encourage for girls?
Non-traditional careers
88
What is emphasized in the National Curriculum?
Same subjects for boys and girls
89
What is a notable issue in primary education?
Shortage of male teachers
90
What percentage of primary school teachers are male?
0.14
91
What percentage of 8-11 year old boys have no lessons with a male teacher?
0.39
92
What is argued about the culture of primary school?
Feminised
93
What percentage of 7-8 year olds felt their teacher's gender mattered?
Two-thirds
94
What approach do most teachers use according to Read (2008)?
Masculine disciplinarian
95
Who researched the construction of masculinity in working class boys?
Epstein (1998)
96
What are working class boys subjected to if they appear as 'swots'?
Harassment, labelling, homophobic abuse
97
Critics of feminism claim girls have it all?
Yes, gender equality policies unnecessary
98
Who argues against the view of feminism critics?
Feminists like Ringrose
99
What fear do feminists associate with boys' underachievement?
Dangerous, unemployable underclass
100
What problem does focus on failing boys ignore?
Disadvantaged working class and ethnic minority pupils
101
What issues faced by girls are ignored when focusing on achievement?
Sexual harassment, bullying, self-esteem
102
Who highlighted the neglect of girls' issues due to focus on underachieving boys?
Osler (2006)
103
How do girls typically disengage from school compared to boys?
Quietly
104
What behavior do boys exhibit that attracts teachers' attention?
Laddish behaviour
105
What example does Osler give to illustrate neglect of girls' issues?
Mentoring schemes for black boys
106
What is a misconception about boys' achievement?
Boys are a lost cause
107
How has the performance of boys and girls changed?
Improved over recent years
108
What is the gender gap within the same social class?
Rarely greater than 12 percentage points
109
How does the gender gap vary across different social classes?
Much wider
110
What can be as much as 44 points ahead between social classes?
Girls' achievement
111
Which ethnic group's gender gap is greater than others?
Black Caribbean pupils
112
How do black girls define their femininity according to Fuller?
Success and independence
113
How do black boys define their masculinity according to Sewell?
Opposition to education
114
Which factors interplay in educational achievement?
Class, ethnicity, gender
115
Which subject do boys tend to choose for D&T?
Graphics or resistant materials
116
Which subject do girls tend to choose for D&T?
Food technology
117
Which subjects do boys tend to choose at A Level?
Maths/physics
118
Which subjects do girls tend to choose at A Level?
Sociology, English or languages
119
At what stage are gendered subject choices more noticeable?
A Level
120
Does the National Curriculum offer much freedom in subject choice?
No
121
What do GIST and WISE question?
Effectiveness of policies
122
What is the gender ratio in childcare apprentices?
1 in 100 are boys
123
How does early socialisation influence subject choice?
Shapes gender identity
124
What traits are encouraged in boys by teachers?
Toughness and initiative
125
What traits are encouraged in girls by teachers?
Quiet and helpful
126
What do Murphy and Elwood argue about subject choices?
Boys read hobby books, girls read stories.
127
Why is science seen as a male subject?
Male teachers, examples favor boys.
128
Who argues that boys dominate in science labs?
Kelly
129
What are 'gender domains'?
Tasks viewed as male or female
130
What shapes beliefs about 'gender domains'?
Early experiences
131
Which context do girls prefer in maths tests?
Food/nutrition
132
Which context do boys prefer in maths tests?
Cars
133
What do children feel more confident in?
Tasks in their gender domain
134
What are the trends in D&T subject choice?
Girls choose food technology; boys choose graphics/resistant materials.
135
What subjects do boys typically choose at A Level?
Maths and physics
136
What subjects do girls typically choose at A Level?
Sociology, English, languages
137
How does subject choice differ at university?
Continues gendered split
138
What do GIST and WISE question?
Effectiveness of policies
139
What is notable about gender in vocational education?
Segregation
140
How many boys are childcare apprentices?
1 in 100
141
What shapes gender identity besides home?
Schools
142
What do teachers encourage boys to be?
Tough and initiative-taking
143
What traits are girls encouraged to develop?
Quiet and helpful
144
What subject choices do boys and girls prefer according to Murphy and Elwood (1998)?
Boys prefer hobby books; girls prefer stories.
145
Why is science seen as a male subject according to Kelly?
More male teachers; boys dominate labs.
146
What are 'gender domains'?
Tasks viewed as male or female
147
How do early experiences shape gender domains?
Influence confidence in tasks
148
Example of girls' confidence in maths tests?
Context of food/nutrition
149
Example of boys' confidence in maths tests?
Context of cars
150
How is sport perceived in terms of gender?
Male domain
151
What derogatory terms did male pupils use for sporty girls according to Dewar?
Butch, lesbian
152
What reflects gender choices in education?
Narrow range of occupations
153
What does sex typing of occupations affect?
Ideas about acceptable jobs
154
What influences gender-specific vocational courses?
Career plans
155
What is a powerful influence on gender identity?
Peer pressure
156
How do peers influence subject choices in mixed schools?
Policing choices
157
What may pupils study in single sex schools?
Against gender domain
158
Impact of single-sex schools on subject choices?
Less stereotyped choices
159
Leonard's 2006 finding for girls?
More maths and science A Levels
160
Leonard's 2006 finding for boys?
More English and languages
161
What social factor impacts vocational course choice?
Social class
162
What did Fuller (2011) find about working class girls' ambitions?
Hair and beauty or childcare
163
How do schools influence working class girls' career paths?
Steer toward certain jobs
164
What do double standards illustrate in sexual morality?
Different standards for boys and girls
165
Who identified the double standard of sexual morality?
Lees (1993)
166
What term is used for girls who don't conform to sexual expectations?
'Slag'
167
What is the term used for labeling promiscuous girls negatively?
Negative labels
168
According to feminists, what does the negative labeling of girls justify?
Male power
169
Who identified a 'rich vocabulary of abuse' reinforcing gender identities?
Connell
170
What term did boys use for girls who appeared sexually available?
Slags
171
What term did boys use for girls who did not appear sexually available?
Drags
172
Who views name calling as a means to maintain male power?
Paechter
173
What do labels like 'gay' and 'queer' signify among pupils?
Policing sexual identities
174
What concept does Mac an Ghaill refer to involving male pupils and teachers?
Male gaze
175
How does the 'male gaze' affect girls according to Mac an Ghaill?
Seen as sexual objects
176
What does the 'male gaze' reinforce?
Heterosexual masculinity
177
What do boys often combine with the 'male gaze'?
Stories of sexual conquests
178
What risk do boys face for not participating?
Labelled gay
179
Who highlighted that male teachers discipline boys differently?
Haywood and Mac an Ghaill
180
What behavior did male teachers reprimand boys for?
Behaving like girls
181
What did Askew and Ross (1988) find about male teachers?
Reinforce dominant gender ideas
182
How do male peer groups reinforce masculinity?
Verbal abuse
183
What label did boys in anti-school subcultures receive for wanting to do well?
Gay or effeminate
184
What did Mac an Ghaill find about 'macho lads' in lower school?
'Real Englishmen' in sixth form
185
How were working class boys who aspired to middle class careers viewed?
Dismissed by macho lads
186
What is the main focus of Archer's study on working class girls?
Hyper-heterosexual identity
187
What did Ringrose (2013) study?
Working class girls' peer groups
188
What is crucial to the girls' identity according to Ringrose?
Being popular
189
What tension do working class girls face?
Idealised vs. sexualised identity
190
What is used as social control among peers?
Shaming
191
What is the most influential factor impacting education?
Social class
192
What term describes the interaction of social class, gender, and ethnicity?
Intersectionality
