1.2 Education - Social Class Differences In Achievement (Internal) Flashcards
1
Q
What is labelling in the context of sociology?
A
Attaching meaning or definition to an individual/group.
2
Q
What did Becker (1971) study?
A
Labelling in Chicago high schools.
3
Q
What conclusion did Becker reach regarding teachers and the ‘ideal pupil’?
A
Middle-class pupils were closest to ‘ideal’.
4
Q
What do teachers often base labels on?
A
Stereotypical assumptions
5
Q
Who conducted a study on labelling in 1971?
A
Becker
6
Q
How did teachers perceive middle-class pupils?
A
Ideal
7
Q
How did teachers perceive working-class pupils?
A
Badly behaved
8
Q
What did RIST (1970) study?
A
Labelling in primary school
9
Q
What do interactionist sociologists study in relation to labelling?
A
Effects of labels on those labelled.
10
Q
How many teachers did Becker interview in his 1971 study?
A
60 teachers.
11
Q
According to Becker (1971), what factors influenced teachers’ labelling?
A
Work, conduct, and appearance.
12
Q
Who conducted a study on labelling in primary schools?
A
Rist (1970).
13
Q
In Rist’s study, how were children grouped?
A
By background and appearance.
14
Q
Which sociologists study labeling in education?
A
Interactionist sociologists
15
Q
What did Becker’s study focus on?
A
Teacher judgements
16
Q
On what basis were children judged in a largely working-class school?
A
Behavior
17
Q
What were the groups identified by RIST?
A
The Tigers, The Clowns, The Cardinals
18
Q
Characteristics of The Tigers group?
A
Fast learners, middle-class
19
Q
Characteristics of The Clowns and Cardinals groups?
A
Working-class, low level books
20
Q
Name the groups identified in Rist’s (1970) study.
A
Tigers, Clowns, and Cardinals.
21
Q
Describe the ‘Tigers’ group in Rist’s (1970) study.
A
Fast learners, seated near the teacher.
22
Q
What characterized the ‘Clowns and Cardinals’ groups in Rist’s study?
A
Slower learners, seated away from teacher.
23
Q
Examples of labels teachers may attach to pupils?
A
Bright, thick, troublemaker
24
Q
What factors influenced teachers’ judgements in Becker’s study?
A
Work, appearance, conduct
25
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A false prediction that comes true by virtue of it being made.
26
Who conducted an experiment related to self-fulfilling prophecies?
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)
27
What did Rosenthal and Jacobsen's study involve?
New test for pupils
28
What do teachers' beliefs about pupils impact?
Pupils' achievement
29
Name the first step of the self-fulfilling prophecy process.
Labeling a pupil as intelligent.
30
Name the second step of the self-fulfilling prophecy process.
Treating the pupil accordingly.
31
Name the third step of the self-fulfilling prophecy process.
Pupil internalizes the label.
32
Who argues that labelling affects pupil achievement?
Interactionists
33
What was the outcome of the pupils gaining confidence?
Tries harder and succeeds
34
What can self-fulfilling prophecies produce?
Under-achievement
35
What did Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) study involve?
Falsely predicting pupils' IQ gains.
36
What was the outcome of Rosenthal and Jacobson's experiment?
Significant IQ gains after a year.
37
Why is self-fulfilling prophecy theory criticized?
Being too deterministic.
38
What is a Marxist critique of labeling theory?
Ignoring wider social inequalities.
39
What question does A03 ask regarding external issues?
External issues affecting label internalization.
40
What is step one of the self-fulfilling prophecy process?
Teacher labels pupil
41
What happens in step two of the self-fulfilling prophecy process?
Teacher treats pupil accordingly
42
What occurs in step three of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
Pupil internalises expectation
43
What is a criticism of labeling theory?
Too deterministic
44
What is streaming?
Dividing students into groups by ability.
45
What did Becker find about teachers' views on ideal pupils?
They favored middle-class children.
46
What is a major difficulty for children in lower streams?
Moving up to higher streams.
47
What did Gillborn and Youdell discover about the A - C economy?
Schools focus on pupils likely to get C or above.
48
What is 'educational triage' according to Gillborn and Youdell?
Sorting students like triage in hospitals.
49
How are pupils sorted in educational triage?
'Hopeless cases,' 'C/D borderline,' and 'those who will pass.'
50
What did Becker find about teachers' views on working-class pupils?
Low expectations
51
What do teachers think of working-class pupils?
Less likely to have ability
52
What do pupils in lower streams tend to align with according to the text?
Negative labels and lower expectations.
53
What happens to children in higher streams?
They stay there due to higher expectations.
54
How does streaming benefit teachers in terms of teaching?
Easier to teach due to uniform standards.
55
How do 'A-to-C' grades benefit schools?
Better league table positions.
56
What does streaming involve?
Ability groups
57
What effect do self-fulfilling prophecies have in streaming?
Children's expectations
58
How do middle-class pupils benefit from streaming?
Higher expectations
59
What happens to students placed in lower streams?
Lower level GCSEs
60
What do schools with good league table positions attract?
More students
61
What is the consequence of schools attracting more students?
More funding
62
What happens to a child once they are streamed?
Difficult to move up
63
What improves for middle-class pupils in higher streams?
Confidence and grades
64
What do exam league tables rank schools by?
Performance
65
What is a pupil subculture?
Group sharing values/behaviour
66
What can cause the emergence of pupil subcultures?
Labelling and streaming
67
Who uses the concepts of differentiation and polarisation to explain the emergence of subcultures?
LACEY
68
What is differentiation?
Categorising pupils
69
What is polarisation?
Moving towards opposite poles
70
What is an example of differentiation in schools?
Streaming
71
What did LACEY'S study find about streaming?
Pro-school and anti-school subcultures
72
What was BALL's finding about abolishing streaming?
Polarisation largely removed
73
What label did teachers apply more to middle-class pupils?
Ideal
74
What do middle-class pupils internalize?
Positive beliefs of teachers
75
What type of subcultures do high stream pupils form?
Pro-school subcultures
76
What type of subcultures do lower stream pupils form?
Anti-school subcultures
77
What leads to self-fulfilling prophecies in middle-class pupils?
Internalizing positive beliefs
78
How do lower stream pupils feel about their status?
Loss of self-esteem
79
What are alternative ways students gain status?
Inverting the rules
80
What are the four responses identified by WOODS?
Ingratiation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion
81
What is Ingratiation?
Being teachers' pet
82
What is Ritualism?
Going through the motions
83
What is Retreatism?
Daydreaming and mucking about
84
What is Rebellion?
Outright rejection of school
85
What do students with similar HABITUS to teachers receive?
SYMBOLIC CAPITAL
86
What is SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE according to Bourdieu?
Withholding symbolic capital
87
How do working-class students view the educational world?
As alien
88
What do working-class pupils feel they must change to be successful?
Presentation and talk
89
What spaces do working-class students often feel are not for them?
Middle-class spaces
90
What leads to class differences in achievement?
Labelling
91
What does labelling lead to?
Streaming
92
What do streaming and labelling create?
Self-fulfilling prophecies
93
What can arise from self-fulfilling prophecies?
Subcultures
94
What do these studies suggest about schools?
Not fair institutions
95
What did many working-class pupils feel about society and school?
Looked down on them
96
What did working-class pupils create in response to symbolic violence?
Class identities
97
What term does ARCHER use for branded clothing identities?
Nike identities
98
What could not conforming to styles lead to?
Social suicide
99
What did the right appearance earn?
Symbolic capital
100
What is ARCHER ET AL.'s focus in their research?
Interactions between social groups and school
101
Who is the foundational theorist for ARCHER’S theory?
BOURDIEU
102
Define HABITUS.
Shared ways of thinking and acting
103
What does HABITUS respond to?
Class position
104
How does middle-class HABITUS influence education?
Values middle-class tastes
105
How is working-class culture perceived by schools?
Inferior
106
How do Nike styles influence working class pupils' view of higher education?
Rejection due to lifestyle and affordability
107
What do working class pupils perceive university as?
Unaffordable and risky investment
108
What lifestyle aspect impacts working class pupils' desire for university?
Living off a student loan
109
What do Archer et al. suggest about working class identities?
Express positive preference for lifestyle
110
What is self-exclusion in the context of education?
Rejecting education for identity
111
How does class identity affect university applications?
Creates barriers for working class
112
What did Evans study about working class girls?
Reluctance to apply to elite universities
113
What fear did working class girls have about elite universities?
Fear of not fitting in
114
Why do girls feel a strong attachment to their community?
They don't want to move away
115
How does self-exclusion affect working class pupils?
Narrows options, limits success
116
What pattern do studies show about the education system?
Devalues working class experiences
117
What issue do working class pupils face in education?
Abandoning working class identity or conforming to middle class habits
118
What did INGRAM study?
Two groups of Catholic boys from Belfast
119
Grammar school values
Middle class values with high expectations
120
Secondary school values
Low expectations
121
W/c community emphasis
Fitting in
122
Tension between habitus
Middle class culture at school vs working class neighborhood
123
Example of symbolic violence
Ridicule for wearing tracksuit on non-uniform day
