1.3 Education - Ethnic Differences In Achievement Flashcards
What do CD theorists see as a major cause of underachievement for certain ethnic groups?
Lack of skills
What do many low income black families lack?
Intellectual stimulation
What do CD theorists blame for the failure of many black children?
Lack of motivation
What cultural socialization equips pupils for educational success?
Mainstream culture
What do CD theorists claim about black children’s socialization?
Subculture values living for today
What does SUGARMAN’S theory address?
WC have 4 key values that act as barriers for educational success
Fatalism, Collectivism, Present Time Orientation and Immediate Gratification
Who believes the language of low-income black families is inadequate?
Bereiter and Englemann
What concern is raised about children who don’t speak English at home?
May be held back
What did Gillborn and Mirza find regarding Indian pupils?
Do very well despite language
What are the main external factors causing ethnic differences in educational achievement?
Cultural Deprivation, Material Deprivation, Racism
What does cultural deprivation theory focus on?
Inadequate socialisation
What are the aspects of cultural deprivation?
Skills, Values, Structure
What does Gillborn (2008) believe is the main reason for the failure of black boys?
Institutional racism within the system
What is the main argument of CD theorists regarding the failure of black boys?
Dysfunctional family structures
What did Moynihan (1965) claim about the structure of many black families?
Headed by a lone mother, struggling financially
Why do some argue black boys lack role models?
No male breadwinner in the home
What does Pryce (1979) say about Black Caribbean culture?
Less cohesive, low self-esteem
What did slavery do to Black culture according to Pryce?
Culturally devastating
How do Asian pupils perform compared to Black Caribbean pupils?
Do better
What does Sewell identify as lacking for Black Caribbean boys?
Fatherly nurturing
What type of discipline does Sewell refer to as important?
Tough love
Why do black pupils do worse than Asian pupils in school?
Cultural differences in socialisation and attitudes to education
What does Sewell believe black children need?
Greater expectations
Why are black, fatherless boys influenced by media-inspired role models?
Anti-school black masculinity
How do Asian families impact student performance?
Supportive families and high education emphasis
What did Lupton (2004) find about adult authority in Asian families?
Similar to school models
What is a characteristic of White working class families?
Underachieve and low aspirations
What did McCulloch (2014) find regarding ethnic minority pupils’ aspirations?
More likely to aspire to university
What can low aspirations stem from?
Parental attitudes
Who argues white working class street culture is brutal?
Evans (2006)
How do power games in street culture affect schools?
Bring disruption
What do ethnic minorities see education as?
A way up
What is a suggested solution for low levels of aspiration?
Compensatory Education
What is compensatory education?
Helps overcome cultural deficits
What was Operation Head Start?
Compensatory program in US
What does CD ignore according to Driver (1977)?
Positive effects of ethnicity
What role models do black Caribbean girls have?
Strong independent women
Why do Black pupils underachieve according to Lawrence (1982)?
Racism
According to Keddie, why are ethnic minorities not underachieving?
Culturally different
What type of education recognizes and values minority cultures?
Multicultural Education
What is Anti-Racist Education designed to do?
Challenge prejudice
What do some theorists reject in education?
Compensatory education
How much more likely are ethnic minorities to be unemployed compared to whites?
x2
What does material deprivation refer to?
Lack of physical necessities
What can result from material deprivation?
Inadequate housing and low income
What risk factors contribute to material deprivation among ethnic minorities?
Unemployment, low pay, overcrowding
Why might cultural factors affect employment among ethnic minority women?
Tradition of Niqab
What might happen if social class isn’t considered in ethnic differences?
Over-estimate CD, under-estimate poverty and MD
What may prevent asylum seekers from working?
Not allowed to work
What is a barrier to employment for individuals with foreign qualifications in the UK?
Unrecognised qualifications
What percentage of ethnic minority children live in low income households?
Almost half
What percentage of white children live in low income households?
A quarter
Name two types of discrimination faced by ethnic minorities in the UK.
Labour and housing market
What percentage of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earn under £7 an hour?
Almost half
How much more likely are ethnic minorities to be homeless?
x3
Do Chinese and Indian students who are MD do better than most?
Yes
What did Madood (2004) find about low income affects on ethnic groups?
Less for other groups
What impacts a child’s education for ethnic minorities?
Unemployment or low pay
What are the three key concepts discussed?
Material deprivation, racism, unemployment
What does racial discrimination lead to?
Social exclusion and poverty
What did Wood et al (2010) study?
Job applications and vacancies
Number of ethnic minority applications that received an interview?
1 in 16
Number of ‘white’ applications that received an interview?
1 in 9
What do Gillborn and Mirza (2000) find about black children in education?
Highest achievers in primary, worst GCSE results
What factor disputes CD theories regarding black children’s education?
Internal school factors
Who found that teachers discipline black pupils more quickly?
Gillborn and Youdell (2000)
What are ‘racialized expectations’ in education?
Expectations of behavior based on race
What was the result of teachers’ racialized expectations?
Teacher-pupil conflict
Who concluded the conflict was due to racial stereotypes?
Gillborn and Youdell
Link between exclusions and race?
Black boys seen as threat
What contributes to streaming of black pupils?
A-C Economy, educational triage
Effect of negative stereotypes on black pupils?
Placed in lower sets
Outcome of streaming and labels?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Focus of interactionists in education?
Labels based on ethnicity
How are black and Asian students perceived by teachers?
Not ideal pupils
What stereotypes are associated with black pupils?
Seen as disruptive
What stereotypes are associated with Asian pupils?
Seen as passive
What ethnocentric views did teachers hold regarding Asian pupils?
British culture superior
How did teachers treat Asian pupils in group discussions?
Excluded them
Did teachers see Asian pupils as a threat?
No, as a problem
What does Archer (2008) say about ethnic minority identities?
Lack ‘ideal pupil’ identity
What are the three pupil identities constructed by dominant discourse?
Ideal pupil, Pathologised pupil, Other
What characterizes the ‘ideal pupil’ identity?
White, middle class, masculinised
What is the ‘pathologised pupil’ identity?
Asian, feminised, oppressed sexuality
What is a conformist and culture bound ‘over-achiever’?
Succeeds through hard work
How are demonised pupils characterized?
Unintelligent, peer led
What did Archer find about ethnic minorities?
Pathologised or demonised
How are Asian girls often perceived according to Archer?
Passive, quiet, docile
What happens to Asian girls who challenge stereotypes?
Dealt with more severely
How do pupils respond to racism and labeling?
Disruptive, withdrawn, or prove label wrong
What did Archer find about Chinese pupils?
Achieved success through hard work
How is the success of ethnic minority pupils often perceived?
Seen as over-achievement
What did Fuller (1984) study?
Year 11 black girls
How were the black girls in Fuller’s (1984) study untypical?
High achievers in low streams
How did the black girls respond to negative stereotypes?
Channeled anger into success
Did the black girls in Fuller’s study seek teacher approval?
No, relied on external exams
What 2 important things does Fuller’s study highlight?
1) Pupils can succeed without conforming 2) Negative labelling doesn’t always lead to failure
Why were the girls able to reject the negative labels in Fuller’s study?
Self-fulfilling prophecy avoided
What are the four types of boys’ responses to schooling according to Sewell?
Rebels, Conformists, Retreatists
Who conforms to the anti-authority stereotype?
The rebels
What describes the conformists’ attitude towards school?
Keen to succeed
How is the retreatists’ status perceived by rebels?
Despised
Innovators’ view on education?
Pro education, anti school
How did teachers view black boys?
As rebels
Impact of teacher perception on achievement?
Affects achievement
What does Sewell recognize as more important than teacher racism?
External factors
Mac an Ghaill’s study focus?
Black and Asian A-Level pupils
Acceptance of teacher labels by pupils?
Didn’t always accept
What is the difference between individual racism and institutional racism?
Individual: prejudice of single teachers, Institutional: discrimination built into institutions
How does the National Curriculum ignore non-European cultures?
Ignores languages, literature, and music
What attitude does Ball (1994) say the National Curriculum promotes?
"”Little Englandism”
“What is an ingrained feature of society according to Critical Race Theory?”,”Racism”
“What type of racism do critical race theorists emphasize?”,”Institutional racism”
“How does Gillborn (2008) describe ethnic inequality in the education system?”,”Practically inevitable”
“How does marketisation influence school admissions according to Gillborn (1997)?”,”Negative stereotypes”
“What do Moore and Davenport (1990) say about selection procedures?”,”Lead to ethnic segregation”
“What difficulty might non-English speaking parents face in school admissions?”,”Application process”
“What year did the Commission for Racial Equality report on racism in school admissions?”,”1993”
“List one cause of ethnic minorities ending up in unpopular schools.”,”Stereotyping by primary schools”
“What bias is reported by the Commission for Racial Equality in school places interviews?”,”Bias against minorities”
“Why might minority parents struggle with school applications?”,”Lack of forms in their languages”
“Why are ethnic minority parents unaware during school admissions?”,”Unaware of waiting list system”
“What does Gillborn attribute to black pupils doing worse?”,”Two factors: FSP judgements
What does FSP stand for?
Foundation Stage Profile
When is the FSP conducted?
End of reception
What increases the risk of stereotyping?
FSP judgements and timing change
What initiative aimed to raise black Caribbean achievement?
Aiming High
What tendency was noted regarding black students and GCSE exams?
Entered for lower tiers
What is Gillborn’s view on ‘model minorities’?
Ideology hiding institutional racism
What does the ideology of ‘model minorities’ suggest about the educational system?
The system is meritocratic
How does the ‘model minority’ ideology justify the failure of other groups?
Unwilling to make effort
Do ‘model minorities’ experience racism in schools?
Yes, despite success
What do theories around natural ‘intelligence’ suggest according to Gillborn?
discredited
What does Gillborn argue has now replaced theories of natural intelligence?
new IQism
What relies heavily on teacher’s assumptions according to the text?
opportunities access
What do they believe about potential?
It can be fixed and measured.
What does Gillborn argue about measuring potential?
No genuine measure exists.
What does Sewell reject in Gillborn’s view?
Internal factors causing underachievement.
What external factors does Sewell focus on?
Boys’ anti-school attitudes, peer groups, father role.
What does Sewell reject regarding racism in schools?
Not powerful enough to prevent success
Who argued that ethnicity interacts with class and gender?
Evans (2006)
What did Connolly (1998) study?
5 and 6 year olds in a primary school
How were black boys perceived by teachers according to Connolly?
Disruptive under-achievers
How were Asian boys perceived by teachers according to Connolly?
Passive and conformist
What aspect must be considered alongside ethnicity according to Evans and Connolly?
Gender and class
