Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Body > 1.4 - Carbs > Flashcards

1.4 - Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Macromolecules (also called polymers) are made from joining together multiple small organic molecules (called monomers or building blocks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates (sugars)
  2. Lipids/fats (fatty acids)
  3. Proteins (amino acids)
  4. Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA/nucleotides)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some of the roles of macromolecules?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Structural support
  • Catalysis (as a catalyst for chemical reactions)
  • Transport
  • Protection and defense
  • Regulation of metabolic activities
  • Maintenance of homeostasis
  • Means for movement, growth, and development
  • Heredity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are monomers?

A

Monomers are simple and identical building blocks that link together to form polymers

  • They are made of the essential chemicals (N, O, C, H)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers (also called macromolecules) are made from joining together multiple small organic molecules (called monomers or building blocks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

To form a polymer, monomers are linked together, and a water molecule is released as a by-product. Such a process is called dehydration synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Polymers can be broken down by adding a water molecule. Such a process is called hydrolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the categories of biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, DNA & RNA

  • Lipid monomers are less persistent than the above monomers. Consequently, lipids are less-readily described using the same polymeric terms. Lipids don’t really have polymers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are carbohydrate monomers. They are SIMPLE, SINGLE sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers (aka multiple monosaccharides linked together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are protein monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Polypeptides are protein polymers (aka multiple amino acids linked together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides are DNA/RNA monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are polynucleic acids?

A

Polynucleic acids are DNA/RNA polymers (aka multiple nucleotides linked together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are carbon molecules with hydrogen and hydroxyl (OH) groups

  • Remember CHO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main roles of carbohydrates?

A
  • They act as energy storage and transport molecules
  • They also serve as structural components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 major categories of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Oligosaccharides
  4. Polysaccharides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many monosaccharides make up a disaccharide?

A

A disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides put together

19
Q

How many monosaccharides make up an oligosaccharide?

A

An oligosaccharide is made up of 3-20 monosaccharides put together

20
Q

How many monosaccharides make up a polysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide is made up of hundreds/hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides put together

21
Q

What monosaccharide is contained in every living cell?

A

Glucose

22
Q

How do organisms acquire glucose?

A

Organisms acquire glucose (or the energy to make glucose) from eating plants

23
Q

Why do cells break down glucose?

A

Cells break down glucose to release energy

24
Q

When glucose is broken down, what are the final products?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

25
Q

What are the two existing formations of a glucose molecule?

A

Glucose molecules can either be:

  • A straight chain of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (less likely)
    OR
  • A ring of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (>99% likely)
  • When dissolved in water, both forms exist equally
26
Q

How are monosaccharides bound together?

A

Monosaccharides link together to form di/oligo/polysaccharides through dehydration synthesis, and these bonds are called Glycosidic linkages

27
Q

What type of bond is a Glycosidic linkage?

A

A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group

28
Q

What are the 3 hexose sugars?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

  • Glucose and galactose are classified as aldoses (CHO), fructose is classified as a ketose (CO)
29
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

Sucrose is formed by linking two monosaccharides (a glucose and a fructose)

30
Q

Why is sucrose an important plant carbohydrate?

A
  • Water soluble
  • Easily transported in plant circulatory system
31
Q

Which group cannot synthesize sucrose?

A

Animals

32
Q

What is sucrose called?

A
  • Table sugar
  • Cane sugar
  • Beet sugar
33
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

Maltose is formed by linking two monosaccharides (a glucose and a glucose)

34
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

Lactose is formed by linking two monosaccharides (a glucose and a galactose)

35
Q

What is lactase?

A

Lactase is an enzyme that allows people to digest lactose by breaking it back into its original monosaccharides (glucose and galactose)

36
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Lactose intolerance involves individuals who lack the enzyme lactase and are unable to digest lactose (break it into glucose and galactose).

  • 75% of the world population is lactose intolerant
37
Q

What are the 2 plant starches called?

A

Amylose (not branched) and amylopectin (slightly branched)

38
Q

What is the animal starch called?

A

Glycogen (highly branched)

39
Q

What are starches?

A

Starches are molecules that store glucose

40
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a polysaccharide comprised of many glucose molecules

41
Q

Why is cellulose an excellent structural material?

A

Cellulose is an excellent structural material because it is much more stable chemically than starch. This makes it much more difficult to hydrolyze (break down) using chemicals or enzymes.

  • Most organisms cannot digest cellulose
42
Q

What kind of organisms can digest cellulose?

A

Organisms that can digest cellulose include the microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract of many organisms typified especially by cows and termites and many fungi (i.e., the things that eat the wood off fallen trees)

43
Q

What is chitin?

A

Chitin is another example of a structural carbohydrate. Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Chitin is also found in the cell walls of fungi. Chitin is leathery in pure form but is hardened in most uses via the deposition of calcium carbonate.

Human Body (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions