1.2 - Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Flashcards
What are the 4 types of tissue?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Neural tissue
What does epithelial tissue do?
Covers external surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands
- Skin, hair, fingernails, etc.
What does connective tissue do?
Fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials, stores energy
- Bones, ligaments, fat, blood
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
What does skeletal tissue do?
Skeletal tissue is used for moving the body
- Voluntary
What does smooth tissue do?
Smooth tissue is used for digestion
- Involuntary
What does cardiac tissue do?
Cardiac tissue is used for pumping blood throughout the body
- Involuntary
What does neural tissue do?
Carries electrical signals from 1 part of the body to another
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves
List the 11 principal organ systems
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Circulatory system
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
- Respiratory system
- Immune/lymphatic system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Muscular system
- Reproductive system
What is the role of the integumentary system?
To provide protection against dehydration, pathogens, and environmental insults
What are the components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
What is the role of the skeletal system?
To provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs.
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Bones, skull, cartilage, ligaments
What is the role of the circulatory system?
To transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body.
What are the components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood, blood vessels
What is the role of the endocrine system?
To relay chemical messages through the body.In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc.
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Pituitary, adrenal, ductless glands
What is the role of the nervous system?
To relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc
What are the components of the nervous system?
Nerves, sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin), brain, spinal cord
What is the role of the respiratory system?
To provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Lungs, trachea, other air passages
What is the role of the immune/lymphatic system?
To destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body.The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood.
What are the components of the immune/lymphatic system?
- Lymphocytes and macrophages (white blood cells)
- Thymus (white blood cell ‘trainer’)
- Lymph nodes (lumps of tissue containing white blood cells)
What is the role of the digestive system?
To breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance.
What is the role of the urinary system?
To filter out cellular waste/toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system.
What are the components of the urinary system?
Kidneys, bladder, associated ducts
What is the role of the muscular system?
To provide movement (mobility). Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system
What are the components of the muscular system?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
What is the role of the reproductive system?
To manufacture cells that allow reproduction.In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female
What are the components of the reproductive system?
Testes/ovaries, associated structures
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Skin (integument). It is about 15% of our total weight
What are the primary functions of skin?
- Protects underlying tissues and organs
- Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
- Maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
- Synthesizes vitamin D3
- Stores lipids
- Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
What are the 3 major regions of the skin?
Epidermis – outermost superficial region
Dermis – middle region
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) – deepest region
What does the heart do in the circulatory system?
The heart pumps blood
What do blood vessels do in the circulatory system?
Blood vessels are networks of tubes which allow for blood to circulate
What does blood do in the circulatory system
- Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body to keep them working.
- Blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system to be removed from the body.
- Blood also fights infections, and carries hormones around the body.
What are the 3 kinds of blood vessels?
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
What do arteries do?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
What do veins do?
Veins return blood to the heart
What do capillaries do?
Capillaries connect arteries to veins
What are the transportation functions of the circulatory system?
Respiratory:
- Transport O2 to cells for aerobic respiration
- Transport CO2 to lungs/gills for elimination
Nutritive:
- Transport of digested nutrients to cells
Excretory:
- Metabolic wastes and excessive water are filtered in the kidney and excreted in urine
What are the regulation functions of the circulatory system?
- Hormones are transported from endocrine glands to distant target organs
- This helps the body to maintain a constant body temperature
What are the protection functions of the circulatory system?
- Blood clotting protects against blood loss
- White blood cells provide immunity against many-disease causing agents
What kind of heart do mammals/birds have?
Mammals/birds have a four-chambered heart that is really two separate pumping systems; the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit
What does the pulmonary circuit do?
The pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs
What does the systemic circuit do?
The systemic circuit pumps blood to the rest of the body
What are the components of the digestive system?
- Mouth/pharynx (throat)
- Esophagus (long tube down to stomach)
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum
What does the esophagus do?
Delivers food to the stomach
What does the stomach do?
Some preliminary digestion
What does the small intestine do?
Digestion and absorption
What does the large intestine do?
Water and mineral absorption (so that you have solid waste instead of liquid)
What does the rectum do?
Waste excretion/elimination
Gastric juice has a pH of 2. What does that mean?
It means that gastric juice is very acidic
What is chyme?
Chyme is the term for a mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice
- It leaves the stomach to the small intestine
What does the small intestine do?
The small intestine breaks down large molecules into smaller ones which are then absorbed into the bloodstream
What is the first segment of the small intestine called?
The duodenum
What does the duodenum do?
The duodenum is the actual site of digestion. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (proteins) into it. The liver secretes bile salts into it, which makes fats easier to digest.
What is the remaining segment of the small intestine called?
The ileum
What does the ileum do?
The ileum is devoted to absorption. The lining is covered with villi, finger-like projections used for absorbing nutrients
What does the large intestine (colon) do?
The large intestine’s primary function is to act as a refuse dump by collecting and compacting solid wastes and water absorption
How is blood glucose regulated?
Blood glucose levels are monitored by the pancreas
What happens when blood sugar levels are high?
When sugar levels are high, insulin is released
What happens when blood sugar levels are low?
When sugar levels are low, glucagon is released
What is glucagon?
A hormone produced by the pancreas to promote the breakdown of glycogen (a form of glucose) in the liver
- Raises blood sugar level when too low
What is insulin?
Insulin is a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood
- Lowers blood sugar level when too high
What is a hormone?
A hormone is a signal to tell some part of the body to do something. They are secreted by glands, and are used to regulate bodily functions in several ways.
- Hormones are transported using the circulatory system
What is external fertilization?
External fertilization occurs when male and female gametes are released into a body of water, where fertilization occurs
- Common for marine bony fish
What is internal fertilization?
Internal fertilization occurs when male gametes are introduced into the female reproductive tract
What do the testis do?
The testis produce sperm and testosterone
- They are enclosed in a hanging sac called the scrotum, which protects sperm (since they need a cooler temperature to develop)
What is spermatogenesis?
Spermatogenesis is the creation of mature sperm cells. This process takes 70-90 days
What is ejaculation?
The release of semen
How many sperm are released in 2-5 millileters of semen?
This volume contains several hundred million sperm
What is the uterus?
The uterus is the receptacle for a male’s sperm, and is where pregnancy occurs
What are ovaries?
Ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs, and contain the female’s egg cells (one of which is released every 28 days through the fallopian tubes)
