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Human Body > 1.2 - Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems > Flashcards

1.2 - Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Neural tissue
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2
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers external surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands

  • Skin, hair, fingernails, etc.
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3
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials, stores energy

  • Bones, ligaments, fat, blood
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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5
Q

What does skeletal tissue do?

A

Skeletal tissue is used for moving the body

  • Voluntary
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6
Q

What does smooth tissue do?

A

Smooth tissue is used for digestion

  • Involuntary
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7
Q

What does cardiac tissue do?

A

Cardiac tissue is used for pumping blood throughout the body

  • Involuntary
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8
Q

What does neural tissue do?

A

Carries electrical signals from 1 part of the body to another

  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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9
Q

List the 11 principal organ systems

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Skeletal system
  3. Circulatory system
  4. Endocrine system
  5. Nervous system
  6. Respiratory system
  7. Immune/lymphatic system
  8. Digestive system
  9. Urinary system
  10. Muscular system
  11. Reproductive system
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10
Q

What is the role of the integumentary system?

A

To provide protection against dehydration, pathogens, and environmental insults

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11
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

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12
Q

What is the role of the skeletal system?

A

To provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs.

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13
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, skull, cartilage, ligaments

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14
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A

To transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body.

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15
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

To relay chemical messages through the body.In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc.

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17
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary, adrenal, ductless glands

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18
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

To relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc

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19
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Nerves, sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin), brain, spinal cord

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20
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

To provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body

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21
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Lungs, trachea, other air passages

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22
Q

What is the role of the immune/lymphatic system?

A

To destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body.The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood.

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23
Q

What are the components of the immune/lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymphocytes and macrophages (white blood cells)
  • Thymus (white blood cell ‘trainer’)
  • Lymph nodes (lumps of tissue containing white blood cells)
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24
Q

What is the role of the digestive system?

A

To breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance.

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25
Q

What is the role of the urinary system?

A

To filter out cellular waste/toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system.

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26
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, bladder, associated ducts

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27
Q

What is the role of the muscular system?

A

To provide movement (mobility). Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system

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28
Q

What are the components of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

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29
Q

What is the role of the reproductive system?

A

To manufacture cells that allow reproduction.In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female

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30
Q

What are the components of the reproductive system?

A

Testes/ovaries, associated structures

31
Q

What is the largest organ in the human body?

A

Skin (integument). It is about 15% of our total weight

32
Q

What are the primary functions of skin?

A
  • Protects underlying tissues and organs
  • Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
  • Maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
  • Synthesizes vitamin D3
  • Stores lipids
  • Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
33
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the skin?

A

Epidermis – outermost superficial region
Dermis – middle region
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) – deepest region

34
Q

What does the heart do in the circulatory system?

A

The heart pumps blood

35
Q

What do blood vessels do in the circulatory system?

A

Blood vessels are networks of tubes which allow for blood to circulate

36
Q

What does blood do in the circulatory system

A
  • Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body to keep them working.
  • Blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system to be removed from the body.
  • Blood also fights infections, and carries hormones around the body.
37
Q

What are the 3 kinds of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
38
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

39
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins return blood to the heart

40
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Capillaries connect arteries to veins

41
Q

What are the transportation functions of the circulatory system?

A

Respiratory:
- Transport O2 to cells for aerobic respiration
- Transport CO2 to lungs/gills for elimination

Nutritive:
- Transport of digested nutrients to cells

Excretory:
- Metabolic wastes and excessive water are filtered in the kidney and excreted in urine

42
Q

What are the regulation functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • Hormones are transported from endocrine glands to distant target organs
  • This helps the body to maintain a constant body temperature
43
Q

What are the protection functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • Blood clotting protects against blood loss
  • White blood cells provide immunity against many-disease causing agents
44
Q

What kind of heart do mammals/birds have?

A

Mammals/birds have a four-chambered heart that is really two separate pumping systems; the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

45
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

A

The pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs

46
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

The systemic circuit pumps blood to the rest of the body

47
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A
  • Mouth/pharynx (throat)
  • Esophagus (long tube down to stomach)
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
48
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

Delivers food to the stomach

49
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Some preliminary digestion

50
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Digestion and absorption

51
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Water and mineral absorption (so that you have solid waste instead of liquid)

52
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

Waste excretion/elimination

53
Q

Gastric juice has a pH of 2. What does that mean?

A

It means that gastric juice is very acidic

54
Q

What is chyme?

A

Chyme is the term for a mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice

  • It leaves the stomach to the small intestine
55
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

The small intestine breaks down large molecules into smaller ones which are then absorbed into the bloodstream

56
Q

What is the first segment of the small intestine called?

A

The duodenum

57
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

The duodenum is the actual site of digestion. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes (proteins) into it. The liver secretes bile salts into it, which makes fats easier to digest.

58
Q

What is the remaining segment of the small intestine called?

A

The ileum

59
Q

What does the ileum do?

A

The ileum is devoted to absorption. The lining is covered with villi, finger-like projections used for absorbing nutrients

60
Q

What does the large intestine (colon) do?

A

The large intestine’s primary function is to act as a refuse dump by collecting and compacting solid wastes and water absorption

61
Q

How is blood glucose regulated?

A

Blood glucose levels are monitored by the pancreas

62
Q

What happens when blood sugar levels are high?

A

When sugar levels are high, insulin is released

63
Q

What happens when blood sugar levels are low?

A

When sugar levels are low, glucagon is released

64
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas to promote the breakdown of glycogen (a form of glucose) in the liver

  • Raises blood sugar level when too low
65
Q

What is insulin?

A

Insulin is a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood

  • Lowers blood sugar level when too high
66
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A hormone is a signal to tell some part of the body to do something. They are secreted by glands, and are used to regulate bodily functions in several ways.

  • Hormones are transported using the circulatory system
67
Q

What is external fertilization?

A

External fertilization occurs when male and female gametes are released into a body of water, where fertilization occurs

  • Common for marine bony fish
68
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

Internal fertilization occurs when male gametes are introduced into the female reproductive tract

69
Q

What do the testis do?

A

The testis produce sperm and testosterone

  • They are enclosed in a hanging sac called the scrotum, which protects sperm (since they need a cooler temperature to develop)
70
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis is the creation of mature sperm cells. This process takes 70-90 days

71
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

The release of semen

72
Q

How many sperm are released in 2-5 millileters of semen?

A

This volume contains several hundred million sperm

73
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The uterus is the receptacle for a male’s sperm, and is where pregnancy occurs

74
Q

What are ovaries?

A

Ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs, and contain the female’s egg cells (one of which is released every 28 days through the fallopian tubes)

Human Body (22 decks)

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