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14: B cell activation and Ab production I Flashcards

1
Q

how do B cells develop

A

from bone marrow precursors in the absence of ag

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2
Q

how are humoral immune responses activated

A

recognition of Ags by BCR

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3
Q

what do Ag do to B cells

A

activate naive by binding membrane IgM and IgD

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4
Q

structure of IgM

A

pentamere w/ 5 subunits

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5
Q

how many Abs can be produced from a single B cell

A

5000 Abs cells per week

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6
Q

what is the peak humoral immune response per day

A

10^12 Abs

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7
Q

what causes the proliferation of activated B cells

A

Ags, T helper cells and other stimuli

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8
Q

what can a clonal B cell become

A

plasma cell, or other IG isotype or may undergo affinity maturation or memory cells

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9
Q

what is also activated with B cells by Ag binding

A

more costimulatory molecules produced

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10
Q

how does B cell proliferation happen in relation to T cell

A

downstream of it by CD 40L

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11
Q

what causes isotype switching

A

intracellular pathogen

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12
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

secrete antibodies

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13
Q

what B cells become memory or have affinity maturation

A

High affinity Ig expressing B cells

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14
Q

primary antibody infection starts with

A

short lived plasma B in LO, more IgM than Ig G then low level Ab production and long lived plasma cells in bone marrow f

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15
Q

secondary antibody respones

A

Memory B then Plasma for more IgG and long lived plasma cells in bone marrow and Memory B cell levels increase

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16
Q

what happens to naive B cells in primary immune response

A

stimulated by Ag to activate and be Ab secreting for more IgM than IgG

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17
Q

secondary immune response on B cells

A

same Ag stimulates memory B cells for more IgG than IgM

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18
Q

which is difference btwn secondary and primary immune response

A

secondary produces more Abs faster

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19
Q

what part changes for isotype switching

A

heavy chain

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20
Q

what is induced by Ag Ab binding

A

affinity maturation

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21
Q

what immune response has affinity maturation

A

secondary

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22
Q

primary is induced by what Ags

A

any type

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23
Q

what Ags produce secondary immune response

A

mainly proteins

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24
Q

follicular B cells respond to and initiate what

A

protein Ags for T dependent Ab resonse for helper T cells

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25
what is another name for follicular B cells
B 2 cells
26
which B cell produces long-lived plasma cells
B2 or F B cells
27
waht do Marginal B cells respond to and initiate
multivalent Ags for T independent
28
what do B1 cells respond to and induce
multivalent Ags at mucosal sites and are T independent
29
what is another name for MZ B cells
B2 cells
30
what Ig is produced by MZ and B1 cells
IgM
31
usual target of B1 cells
carbohydrates
32
memory B cells usually come from
B2 cells
33
where are B2 cells usually
throughout body
34
how are B2 cells replaced
continually by bone marrow in adult life
35
where do B1 cells come from
fetal liver during the 8th week of gestation
36
what do B1 cells represent
transitional type of lymphocyte to bridge innate and adaptive
37
problem with B1 cells
not very diverse and limited compared to B2 cells
38
what are B1 Abs directed against
conserved microbial Ags
39
transport of Ags to B cells
have to be captured and taken to B cells in lymphoid organs
40
where are B cells located at in Lymphoid organs
follicles
41
other names for follicular B cells
recirculating or B2 Cells
42
how do F B cells recirculate
from one to another secondary lymphoid organ
43
secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissue
44
follicles are in what
secondary lymphoid organs
45
what guides the movement of B cells
CXCL13 chemokine
46
where does CXCL13 come from
Follicular DCs
47
what is not expressed by FDCS
MHC Class II
48
what can an FDC not do
phagocytose and process Ags for Class I MHC
49
what immune response to FDCs help in
adaptive immunity
50
what else is guided by CXCL13 besides B cells
TFH cells
51
how long can an FDC have an immune complex on its surface
weeks to months
52
what mediates Ag retention by FDCs
FcyRIIb Fc receptor as well as CR1, CR2 (CD 21) complement receptors
53
what do the immune complexes of FDCs drive
antibody affinity maturation
54
what plays a role in germinal center reactions
FDC receptors
55
how are Ags presented to B cells
in intact native conformation and not processed by APCS
56
how are small B cells delivered to follicles
afferent lymphatics and conduits
57
how are large Ags delivered to B cells
subcapsular sinus macrophages or DCs in medulla
58
how do afferent lymphatics drain in LN
into the subcapsular sinus of the LNs
59
soluble Ags properties and how they reach B cells in LN
smaller than 70 kD and get to follicles for direct interaction
60
transport of large Ags in LN
captured by resident FDCs and transported to activated B cells in follicles
61
how are microbes and Ag-Ab complexes taken to B cells in LN
captured by subcapsular sinus macrophages and deliver Ags to follicles
62
where are T cells located in marginal zones
periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS)
63
distinctive cell types in marginal zones
MZ macrophages and marginal B cells
64
what is the marginal zone
barrier between red pulp and white pulp of spleen
65
which part of the spleen houses lymphocytes
white pulp
66
how do lymphocytes and DC enter the white pulp
marginal sinus between marginal zone and white pulp
67
how do Ag in immune complexes bind B cells
CR2 complement receptors on MZ B cells
68
what is the role of MZ B cells with immune complex Ags
transfer to follicular DCs
69
how are blood borne pathogens handled
captured by pDCs and transported to spleen for MZ B cells
70
what in spleen captures polysaccharide Ag
MZ macrophages to give to MZ B cells
71
how are MZ B cells independent of BCRs
bind complexes with AG and coat in CR complement fragments to shuffle them to follicular region
72
where do FDCs express high levels of CR
follicles to compete for binding to Ags presented by MZ B cells
73
what happens after CR on FDC binds Ag
MZ B cells go back to MZ
74
what are MZ B cells to B2 follicular cells
shuttle for Ags
75
when is a T dependent response required
protein Ags for help of CD4+ T helper cells
76
which T cells help B cells and how
TFH leads to the formation of germinal centers to activate B cell proliferation
77
which Ags use T indepentent
multivalent Ags such as polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
78
how do TI responses work
BCR binding and potentiated signals from other receptors on B cells
79
what potentiates B cell activation
CR2 and TLRs
80
role of CR 2(CD21) on BCR
binds C3d on microbe while Ag bind BCR as a co-receptor
81
microbe bound by CR2 is coated in
complement
82
how is complement activated in B cell response
non-microbial polysaccharides or microbe itself.
83
2nd form to cause B cell activation
PAMP recognition by TLRs at same time as Ag binding to BCR
84
what does F B cell survival depend on
signals from BCR and inputs from BAFF
85
how does BAFF work
provides maturation and survival signals through its receptor
86
what produced BAFF
myeloid cells in lymphoid follicles and bone marrow
87
parts of BCR signaling for activation
BCR binding initiates then internalizes bound Ag into endosomal vesicles
88
how is protein Ag presented to
processed and presented as MHC II on B cell surface for TH cell to recognize
89
what happens after TH cells recognize MHC II peptide complexes
stimulate B cell response
90
what response is B cell presenting to T cell
hapten carrier conjugates
91
what on BC helps TH recognize Ag and activate it
CD40 that binds CD40L on THC
92
what does activate THC in TCD response cause
activated B cells for proliferation
93
what does BT interaction lead to
isotype switching and shortlived plasma cells
94
what are germinal centers for
B cells mutate, affinity maturation, ISOT switch, memory cells and long lived plasma cells
95
extrafollicular B cell response goes where
medullary cords of LN and junction between TC zone and red pulp of spleen
96
what are the two B cell T dependent responses
Extrafollicular and Follicular/Germinal centers
97
which B cell T dependnent response has more everything
Follicular
98
what must happen for TfH cells to activate B cells
activation of T cells by DCs then by activated B cells to go to Germinal centers to activate more B cells
99
which cytokine helps develop GC B cells and plasma cells
IL 21
100
what controls isotype switcing from TFH cells
IFNy and IL4
101
when are TFH cells made from activated T cells
4-7 days after Ag exposure
102
what to TFH cells express
inducible costimulators, PD1, IL 21, Bcl-6
103
what do Dark zones in follicles mean
center of GC where B cells are proliferating
104
what happens to B cells in germinal centers dark zone
extensive isotype switching and somatic hypermutation of IgV gene
105
what happens in light zones of GC
encounter FDCs with Ags and TFH cells
106
which B cells survive and what do they become
highest affinity Ig receptors and become Ab secreting and memory B cells
107
where to Ab secreting B cells go
bone marrow as long lived plasma cells
108
where do memory B cells go
recirculating lymphocyte pools
109
stains dark zones of GCs
antiKi67 Ab
110
stains light zones of GCs
anti CD 23 on FDCs
111
what causes activated B cells to go to T cell zones
CCR7

immunology (10 decks)

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