14 Flashcards
metabolism
entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living cells
metabolites
small molecs that are intermediate in the biosynthesis or degradation of biopolymers
complex molecs broken down to release energy stored in chemical bonds ______
catabolic pathways (catabolism)
complex molecs made from simpler ones to store energy in chemical bonds ________
anabolic pathways (anabolism)
metabolic pathways are often _______, yet some internal reactions are ______
irreversible
reversible
the flow of material (flux) depends on (3)
- supply of substrates
- removal of products
- pathway enzyme activities (i.e. rates of reactions)
feed forward activation
a metabolite early in the pathway activates an enzyme further down the pathway
what do protein kinases do?
phosphorylate enzymes via ATP
what do protein phosphatases do?
remove phosphate groups that have been previously added by kinases and also modify catalytic activity
what value of delta G means the reaction is spontaneous?
negative
what value of delta G means the reaction is non spontaneous?
positive
what value of delta G means the reaction is at equilibrium?
0
what does delta G mean?
change in free energy
what value of delta H indicates an exothermic reaction?
<0
what value of delta H indicates an endothermic reaction?
> 0
what does delta H mean?
change in enthalpy
what value of delta s means increase in disorder?
> 0
what value of delta s means decrease in disorder?
<0
what does delta s mean?
change in entropy
autotrophic organisms
energy of sunlight (photosynthesis) energy of chemical reactions (chemosyntehsis)
hetereoptrophic organisms
energy from breakdown of complex organic molecuels in other organisms
phosphoanhydride bonds are?
between two phosphate groups
when two molecs of phosphate or folic acid condensate with each other and release water
amp has what phosphate group(s)?
alpha
adp has what phosphate group(s)?
alpha, beta
atp has what phosphate group(s)?
alpha, beta, delta
