13.Leg & Foot Flashcards by hgaml .

Identify this orange line.

soleal line of tibia

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What part of our lower limb is our weakest and prone to injury?

tibia: because all body weight is put onto tibia

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What is shin splint?

Repetive motion or inflammation (fascia) muscle pulls away from bone=> medial tibial pain

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What are stress factures?

caused by repetitive impact and muscle weakness/fatigue (marathon)=> force is transferred from muscle to tibia

Symptoms: localiszed pain & weight bearing pain

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What is compartment syndrom?

due to muscle inflammation, repetitive motion, muscle imbalance => pressure and fascia=> pressure in compartments

symptoms: anterolateral pain in tibia

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What is fibular bone grafting?

Fibula is not necessary (many animals dont have a fibula, only a tibia) => surgeons will take bone of fibula and use in plastic surgery to rebuild bone

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Identify whats in blue, orange and red.

blue: interosseus membrane

in the interosseus membrane (red): opening for vessels

orangle: ligament of the head of the fibula (2: anterior and posterior)

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Identify the structure in green.

tibifibular ligaments (2:anterior & posterior) from the medial malleolus to the lateral malleolus

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Identify the three joints between the tibia and fibula and their action. Which ligament supports the joint?

top: proximal tibiofibular joint: synovial -plane/gliding : supported by ligaments of head of fibula
Middle tibiofibular joint: syndesmosis: supported by interosseus membrane
distal tibiofibular joint: syndesmosis: supported by tibiofibular ligaments

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What are the three parts of the foot?

Tarsal-> metatarsals (I-V), phalanges: proximal, middle distal (hallocus your toe on has proximal and distal)

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Name the various tarsal bones:

Green: CALCANEUS (largest, bottom) ‘heel’

Blue: TALUS (medial near ankle, plant foot) ‘ankle’

Purple: CUBOID (most lateral)

Red: NAVICULAR ‘little ship’

Yellow: CUNEIFORMS (medial, middle lateral)

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Why are there sesamoid bones between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges of the hallocus?

the sesamoid bone protects and is a pully for flexor hallocus longus

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Which bones are part of the ankle joint?di

distal ends of fibula and tibia and talus

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Why can our ankles do more inversion than eversion?

laterally: the fibula comes down which locks the ankle when doing eversion and the ligaments on the medial side resist eversion

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Which ligaments are found on the medial side of the foot?

blue: anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Green: deltoid ligaments (4 medial collateral ligaments): posterior tibitalar ligament (post), anterior tibiotalar ligament (ant), tibionavicular ligament (front), tibiocalcaneal (medial)

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Identify the ligaments of the lateral side of the foot.

blue: anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
orange: lateral collateral ligaments (3): anterior and posterior talofibular lilgaments, calcaneofibular ligament

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Which ligaments of the foot is more commonly damaged: medial or lateral? why?

Lateral: they are smaller and are more used they resist dorsi flexion, plantar flexion and inversion

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Identify the following joints of the foot. Identify their action.

yellow: interphalangeal joints -> synovial, hinge
red: metatarsophalangeal joints -> synovial condyloid
purple: tarsometatarsal joints
orange: cuneonavicular joint
green: tranverse tarsal joint
blue: subtalar joint

purple, orange, green, blue -> synovial, plane/gliding

top right corner: talocalcaneonavicular joint -> synovial, ball and socket

Name the muscles in the anterior compartment of your leg.

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallocus longus

Fibularis Tertius

(all inn by deep fibular n)

Identify the muscle in blue

(ant leg)

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

ori: lateral proximal tibia
ins: medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal (toe)
inn: deep fibular n
act: dorsi flexion, inversion (because crosses over foot)

Identify the muscle in green.

(ant leg)

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

ori: lateral condyle of tibia
ins: 2nd-5th distal phalanges
inn: deep fibular n
act: dorsi flexion, extension at proximal and distal IPC

Identify this muscle

(ant leg)

EXTENSOR HALLOCUS LONGUS

ori: anterior proximal surface of fibula
ins: base of 1st distal phalanx
inn: deep fibular n
act: extend toes, dorsi flexion

Identify this muscle.

(ant leg)

FIBULARIS TERTIUS

ori: distal anterior surface of fibula
ins: base of 5th metatarsal
inn: deep fibular n
act: dorsi flexion, bit of eversion (mmostly for stability)

Name the muscles part of the lateral compartment of the leg.

Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis (all inn by superficial fibular n)

Identify the muscle in blue

(lat leg) **FIBULARIS LONGUS** **(fibular=peroneal)** ori: proximal lateral surface of fibula ins: base of 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform) inn: superificial fibular n act: eversion of foor

Idenitfy the muscle in green.

(lat leg) **FIBULARIS BREVIS** ori: distal lateral surface of fibula ins: base of 5th metatarsal inn: superficial fibula n act: eversion (bit of dorsi flexion)

Name the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg.

Superficial: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris Deep:flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, popliteus

Identify this muscle,

(superficial post leg) **GASTOCNEMIUS** ori: medial and lateral supracondylar ridge ins: calcaneal tuberosity via calcaneal tendon (achilles heal) inn: tibial n act: flexion at knee, plantar flexion

identify this muscle.

(superficial post leg) **SOLEUS (under gastroc)** ori: head and neck of fibula and soleal line (on tibia) ins: calcaneal tuberosity via calcaneal tendon inn: tibial n act: plantar flexion

Identify this muscle

(superficial post leg) **PLANTARIS** ## Footnote ori: lateral supracondylar ridge ins: calcaneal tuberosity (does not join calcaneal tendon) (medial to soleus, deep to gastroc) inn: tibial n act: plantar flexion, flexion at knee, stops hyperflexion, proprioception (where ankle is)

Identify the muscle in orange:

popliteus m (deep post)

identify the muscle in blue

(deep post) **FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS** ori: proximal posterior surface of tibia ins: bases 2-5 distal phalanges inn: tibial n act: flex digit, plantar flexion

Identify the muscle in purple.

(deep post leg) **FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS** ori: posterior surface of fibula (middle) ins: base of 1st distal phalanx inn: tibial n act: toe flexion (when you walk, its what pushes you off), plantar flexion) (craddled by sesamoid bones)

identify the muscle in green

(deep post leg) **TIBIALIS POSTERIOR** ori: interosseus mem & proximal edge of tibia and fibula ins: navicula, cuneiforms, base of 2-4 metatarsals inn: tibial n act: plantar flexion, inversion

Identify these structures. What is its function.

extensor retinaculum (ballet shoes) flexor retinaculum: holds down tarsal tunnel (plantar flexion compartment) holds down tendon

Identify the different arches of the foot.

medial longitudinal arch lateral longitudinal arch transverse arch (crosses metatarsals, talus holds arch together) both longitudinal keep foot off ground

What supports the longitudinal arch?

tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus flexor hallucis longus tibialis anterior ``` plantar aponeurosis (blue) short and long plantar ligaments (brown) ``` spring ligament (orange)

What supports the transverse arch?

fibularis longus, tibialis posterior

What causes flat feet? Whats another name for flat feet?

flat feet=pes planus due to weakness in muscle that upholds arch (post muscle prevent plantar aponeurosis from stretching when walking) =\> longitudinal arch= muscle weakens with shoes that support=\> flat feet=\> turn feet inwards (ankles inward) (medial igaments=deltoid ligaments harmed)

What is pes cavus?

Pes cavus: overtight muscle=\> pull together foot=\> highely concave, invert feet so ankles stick out (lateral ligaments most vulnerable: calcaneofibular) affects longitudinal arch

Explain the branching of the popliteal artery.

Explain the branching of the common fibular n.

Common fibular n goes into post leg: divides into superficial fibular n (doesnt run w an artery) and deep fibular n

What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel.

Going into tarsal tunnel: **D**own **T**he **H**atch: flexor digitorum longus (in middle), tibialis posterior (front), flexor hallocus longus (back) IN tarsal tunnel: TOM DICK AND VERY NERVOUS HARRY (front to back) flexor digitorum longus: is a dick cuts in front of tibialis tibialis posterior posterior tibial a and v tibial n flexor hallucis longus