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13.1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does availability of land cause food insecurity?

A

supply side
determines by level of food production, stock levels and net trade
land availability limited by urbanisation

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2
Q

how does economic and physical access to food cause food insecurity?

A

food supply at national and international levels doesn’t guarantee household level security causing greater policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets and prices to achieve food security

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3
Q

how does food utilisation cause food insecurity?

A

how body makes the most of nutrients
sufficient energy and nutrient intake is the result of good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of diet and intra-household distribution of food

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4
Q

how does availability over time cause food insecurity?

A

even in periods of food security, insecurity remains if access to food is inadequate on a periodic basis. adverse weather, political instability or economic factors may impact food security status

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5
Q

how did the millenium development goals impact food security?

A

aimed to relieve hunger and poverty by 2015 but didnt achieve
now the sustainable development goal is to achieve 0 hunger by 2030

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6
Q

how many children die every year from hunger?

A

2.5 million

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7
Q

how does rising climate impact agricultural production?

A

every 1 degree rise = 10% decline in agricultural production

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8
Q

how does food scarcity cause political instability?

A

political instability rises as food becomes scarcer, exacerbating issues

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9
Q

what is chronic food insecurity?

A

long term and persistent

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10
Q

what does chronic food insecurity occur?

A

when people cant meet minimum food requirement for a sustained period of time

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11
Q

what results from chronic food insecurity?

A

extended periods of poverty lack of assets + inadequate access to productive or financial resources

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12
Q

when can chronic food insecurity be overcome?

A

typical long term development measures also used to address poverty. may also need more direct access to food enable them to raise their productive capacity

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13
Q

what is transitory food insecurity?

A

short term and temporary

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14
Q

when does transitory food insecurity occur?

A

there’s a sudden drop in the ability to produce /access enough food to maintain a good nutritional

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15
Q

what results from transitory food insecurity?

A

short term shocks or fluctuation in a food access or availability, including year to year variations in domestic food production, food prices + household income

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16
Q

when transitory food insecurity can be overcome?

A

early warning capacity and safety net programmes. Transitory food insecurity is unpredictable and can emerge suddenly. This makes planning and programming more difficult

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17
Q

what are the four indicators of GHI?

A

undernourishment - % of population whose calorie intake is sufficient

child wasting - the proportion of children below 5 with low weight and height for their age, reflecting acute undernutrition

child stunting - proportion of children below 5 with low height for their age reflecting chronic undernutrition

child mortality - mortality rate of children below 5

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18
Q

which countries have the best GHI?

A

kuwait
thailand
vietnam
ghana
mexico

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19
Q

which countries have the worst GHI?

A

switzerland
iraq
burundi
eritrea
sudan

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20
Q

how is china’s food security threatened by climate change?

A

2nd largest number of poor people
significant differences in food production across china leading to food defecit and food surplus areas
9/31 provinces classified as food insecure
60% of people in these areas consume less than recommended grain portion

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21
Q

how is accra ghana’s food security threatened by climate change?

A

20-50% of urban residents engage in agriculture production in most african countries
15% of households involved in agricultural production
urban areas produce most of the fresh vegetables but only the rich can afford
vulnerable households often rely on cheaper., less preffered foods or ration money

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22
Q

how is colombia’s food security threatened by climate change?

A

50 years of internal conflict
6.2 million have been internally displaced
95% of people are food insecure

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23
Q

how does air contribute to food insecurity?

A

photosynthesis involves the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere and the release of O2 to respire, and carry out their functions of water and nutrient uptake. Some plants fix nitrogen from the atmosphere.

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24
Q

how does climate and temperature contribute to food security?

A

crops can grow at below optimum temperatures but temperatures that are too high result in reduced yields. tropical crops (rice) require temperatures between 16 degrees and 27 degrees
temperature crops (wheat) grow at optimum temperature between 15-20 degrees

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25
Q

how does soil contribute to food security?

A

soils are the mixture of mineral and organic matter in which plants grow. Supplies water, nutrients and material to develop root systems where plants absorb essential materials such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calcium

26
Q

how does water contribute to food security?

A

compromises 80% of living plants and in a major determiner of crop productivity and quality essential for germination of seeds and crop growth
used in photosynthesis and allows transport of minerals

27
Q

how does light contribute to food security?

A

photosynthesis uses sunlight
plants differ in light requirement - light intensity and duration are important for crop growth

28
Q

what issues are there in growing that impact food security?

A

climate

29
Q

what issues are there in processing that impact food security?

A

areas prone to natural hazards may sometimes struggle to process
LICs may not have technology
food can be lost in production

30
Q

what issues are there in transporting that impact food security?

A

benefitted countries that can’t grow things themselves eg landlocked countries
increased due to globalisation

31
Q

what issues are there in disposing of waste that impact food security?

A

any food that is not pretty gets thrown away
wasted by producer and consumer

32
Q

how much food gets wasted in the USA?

A

300kg/year/capita

33
Q

how much food gets wasted in South Asia?

A

125kg/year/capita
food insecure nation

34
Q

how can environment classify agricultural systems?

A

equatorial or cold temp
coastal/lowland or interior upland

35
Q

how can location classify agricultural systems?

A

shifting or sedentary

36
Q

how can tenure classify agricultural systems?

A

owner-occupied or tenancy or communal

37
Q

how can input classify agricultural systems?

A

extensive or intensive

38
Q

how can output classify agricultural systems?

A

arable or pastoral

39
Q

how can government classify agricultural systems?

A

capitalist or socialist

40
Q

how can market classify agricultural systems?

A

subsistence or commercial
domestic or overseas

41
Q

what is arable farming?

A

growing food crops

42
Q

what is pastoral farming?

A

raising livestock

43
Q

what is subsistence farming?

A

food grown just for families or communities not for profit

44
Q

what is commercial farming?

A

large scale
high capital
large profit

45
Q

what is shifting cultivation?

A

isolated areas with low population
large areas, low demand
rotate fields

46
Q

what is sedentary farming?

A

farmers remain in one place
cultivate same land every year

47
Q

what is extensive farming?

A

large scale commercial
inputs of labour and capital are small

48
Q

what is intensive farming?

A

small scale with high labour and capital inputs

49
Q

describe the global food surplus

A

produce 2x the amount of calories needed

50
Q

how has the war in Ukraine impacted food trade?

A

food exports blocked by Russia
Ukraine produces 25% of worlds wheat

51
Q

what are food miles?

A

indicate how far food has travelled from producer to consumer
food travels an average of 2400km due ot globalisation
increases greenhouse gas emmissions, but lettuces grown in greenhouses in the UK in winter create more emmissions than importing them from Spain

52
Q

impact of globalisation on inequalities and small farmers

A

shift from small scale farming to agribusinesses, TNCs and major food retailers
national food systems are becoming increasingly linked through patterns of trade and investment
TNCs control the terms by which farmers can participate in the food system
often favour large capital intensive producers, leaving small producers disadvantaged and marginalised
FDI from large TNC has reduced the ability of national government to regulate their own food system
EDCs and LIDCs are limited in their ability to promote the interests of small farmers
eg Brazil, large agribusinesses = 62% of value of agricultural production and majority of exports
however policies can be put in place to help small farmers

53
Q

globalisation impact on obesity

A

countries become more affluent and consumption shifts from cereals towards more expensive food such as dairy and meat
number of fast - food outlets are promoted more
eg China - in 30 years the meat consumption has increased by 6x
accounts for half of total revenue of Yum brands
KFC adapted to local tastes w Peking duck rolls…
Brazil, number of McDonalds rose by 380%

54
Q

globalisation impact on food prices

A

extremely volatile and vulnerable to price shocks
FAO produces a food price index which measures the monthly change in international prices of a basket of food commodities, give warnings to high risk areas
in 2015 7/11 warnings due to weather
3/11 due to transport issues
helps to avoid food crisis - eg 2008 which threatened food stability in the middle east

55
Q

globalisation impact on technology advances

A

global sharing of technology advances in farming has increased food production
new technology should be shared carefully, not just in the hands of wealthy farmers wanting to maximise income instead of improving food security

56
Q

globalisation asian green revolution

A

criticised for its dependency on high inputs of fertalisers and pesticides which benefitted wealthy farmers but led to increased debt amongst most of the rural populations

57
Q

damaging effects of globalisation enhancing technology

A

damaging for countries that cannot keep up with the pace of change
eg Ethiopian farmers have suffered from the increasingly efficient production of coacoa, palm oil and coffee grown in Asia

58
Q

impact of globalisation on biological technology

A

can alter DNA crops
recent research has focused on production of plants that can withstand harsh environmental conditions associated with global warming

59
Q

impact of globalisation on GM crops

A

use nitrogen efficiency within plants so fertaliser use can be reduced - reducing CO2 emmissions

60
Q

example of how globalisation has improved technology

A

mobile app called vet africa allows animal health workers to diagnose and treat livestock illnesses
another innovative app - Farming instruction provides agricultural information to rural farmers
access to mobile phones is widespread in many developing countries and can help farmers share information on issues such as cropping methods

61
Q

how has globalisation impacted short term relief

A

co-operation and co-ordination for food aid have been enhanced by globalisation
eg response to Syrian civil war in 2011
$25 million was needed weekly to meet people’s needs
food supplies eg canned foods delivered and distributed effectivley

62
Q

how has globalisation impacted consumer choice

A

increase in global trade created an abundance of food products available through consumers through retail outlets and online
there is now a consumer driven consumer global food industry services by retail giants such as Tesco

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