130 Final

Question 1

Social

Answer 1

A group’s collective features

Question 2

Social structure

Answer 2

Patterns of behavior/sentiments

Question 3

Social order

Answer 3

Predictability of social structures
When there is enough agreement among people to create, maintain, and alter patterns of interaction

Question 4

Structural functionalism

Answer 4

Structures are balanced and are interdependent, organism

Question 5

Organic/mechanical solidarity

Answer 5

Organic: division of labor, not collective conscience but still solidarity because you depend on different systems)
Mechanical: collective conscience, shared solidarity

Question 6

Systemic interdependence

Answer 6

Different systems work interdependently and make up a large system

Question 7

Symbolic interaction

Answer 7

We’re not dogs because we have symbols, self as object, learn meanings from interactions

Question 8

Shared pragmatic meanings

Answer 8

Shared understanding of symbols that individuals develop through interaction

Question 9

Identity and self as source of morality

Answer 9

A person’s sense of self (values) influence their moral compass

Question 10

Conflict

Answer 10

Competition over resources is the underlying aspect of all relationships, resources = power

Question 11

Power/material & ideological dominance

Answer 11

The king has material, so he’s in charge
The king was chosen by God, so he’s in charge

Question 12

Behaviorism

Answer 12

Stimulus → response, associative learning

Question 13

Social exchange theory

Answer 13

• Rewards (pleasures, satisfactions, gratifications)
• Resources (any commodities, material or symbolic)
• Costs (energy invested and rewards missed because of the behavior)

Question 14

Perspectives of justice

Answer 14

Just deserts, social equality, social order

Question 15

Defensible space

Answer 15

A place that can be cared for against social pathologies (deviant behaviors, family issues, economic issues)

Question 16

Nothing works doctrine

Answer 16

Rehabilitation programs for offenders are ineffective and a waste of time and money

Question 17

Rational choice

Answer 17

Individuals make calculated decisions to commit crimes by weighing the potential benefits against the potential costs

Question 18

Seductions and emotions of crime

Answer 18

Criminals are attracted to the thrill, excitement, and sense of power that crime can provide

Question 19

Situational choice

Answer 19

Focuses on reducing crime opportunities by changing the environment and making crime less appealing

Question 20

Sublimation

Answer 20

Symbolic fulfillment of drives and desires, living vicariously through something

Question 21

Personality theories

Answer 21

Psychopathy, anti-social

Question 22

Modeling theory

Answer 22

Monkey see, monkey do

Question 23

Attachment theory (secure & resistant)

Answer 23

Secure: develops when mother is supportive/available
Anxious-avoidant & resistant: develops when rejection and parental support are not felt, leads to anxiety

Question 24

Self-control theory

Answer 24

Humans can defer to the developed skill of delayed gratification
Low self-control plus opportunity and minimal constraints increases likelihood of crime

Question 25

Anomie

Answer 25

A feeling of alienation caused by inability to achieve societal goals that can result in criminal behavior

Question 26

Strain - relative deprivation

Answer 26

Social emphasis on goals with disproportionate means to obtain those goals Relative deprivation: relative to society, some areas need means that aren't needed in others

Question 27

Structural anomie

Answer 27

Overemphasis on social goals over means or vice versa

Question 28

Opportunity theory

Answer 28

Subcultures are response to lack of legitimate means and/or illegitimate means

Question 29

Subculture theories (strain)

Answer 29

Subculture is the result of strain "Let's do this innovation together"

Question 30

Social learning - differential association

Answer 30

Criminal behavior is learned through significant interaction

Question 31

Social learning - differential association-reinforcement

Answer 31

Learned from those who can punish/reinforce you, balance of punishment/reinforcement (not significance of relationship)

Question 32

Social learning - differential identification

Answer 32

Identifies with a person with criminal behavior

Question 33

Role theories

Answer 33

People's roles influence their likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior

Question 34

Social control theories

Answer 34

Failure/lack of social control leads to criminal behavior "Why do people obey, instead of break them?"

Question 35

Neutralization theory

Answer 35

People need to accept rationalizations to break the law, so society has to control rationalization by making things sound bad

Question 36

Containment theory (external & internal)

Answer 36

Crime occurs when individuals can't resist social pressures to commit crime External: power from group, surveillance Internal: qualities of an individual that help resist goals

Question 37

Control-balance theory

Answer 37

An imbalance between individual's control over others and other's control over individual

Question 38

Social bond theory

Answer 38

Good socialization is when an individual forms a bond with other individuals and social groups Without, deviance/crime may result A.C.I.B.

Question 39

Marxist/economic theory

Answer 39

Contradictions in capitalism lead to oppression of labor resulting in natural conflict of interests between owner and labor

Question 40

Discrimination theories

Answer 40

The designation of deviance and/or deviants is an exercise of power to maintain higher statuses/class

Question 41

Feminist theory

Answer 41

Women are labeled differently due to structures, women are discriminated against, women and men are unique species that naturally conflict

Question 42

Subculture theories

Answer 42

Deviance stems from groups that form due to a natural opposition to "the man"

Question 43

Labeling

Answer 43

Labeling inhibits bonds, if you tell someone they're a criminal they'll become one

Question 44

Primary/secondary deviance

Answer 44

P: undertaken to solve immediate problem or need S: committed while playing a role given to the individual

Question 45

Mores/folkways

Answer 45

Mores: social norms that are morally significant Folkways: everyday customs that are less serious

Question 46

Sacred/profane

Answer 46

Sacred: great significance, laws and unwritten rules Profane: little significance to collective morality, unimportant

Question 47

Social process/interaction perspective

Answer 47

Criminal and non-criminal behavior is a result of interactions with social objects, mostly significant ones What happened to a person to make them commit a crime?

Question 48

Authority

Answer 48

Rational, traditional, charismatic

Question 49

Social solidarity

Answer 49

A bond to a group (society)

Question 50

Routine activities

Answer 50

A crime occurs when a potential criminal finds an attractive target with no one to prevent them from commiting a crime