100 Part 2

Question 1

What is vigilantism?

Answer 1

The use of volunteer self-appointed committees organized to suppress crime and punish criminals
If the government/police won’t do anything, someone else has to

Question 2

What were slave patrols? Why did they exist?

Answer 2

The first publicly funded city police departments
Made because people were losing slaves

Question 3

What did the English model focus on?
What are the 2 systems associated with it?

Answer 3

Preventive patrol
Frankpledge system: local families responsible for maintaining peace in their area
Watch system: particular men were assigned to be watchmen; replaced frankpledge system

Question 4

Describe each era of policing.
View chart in slides.

Answer 4

Political era: police worked closely with politicians, use of force was common
Professional era: reforms, police professionalized, attempted to end police corruption, law enforcement became primary function
Community policing era: working for/with the public, focuses on positive relationships between police and public

Question 5

Define sworn personnel

Answer 5

Those entrusted with arrest powers

Question 6

Define fragmentation. Why is it a problem? What are some solutions?

Answer 6

The lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographic region because of the existence of many small departments (agencies don’t work together).
It’s a problem because of the lack of communication and duplication of efforts (criminals may move to the less aggressive approach).
Solutions are consolidation and contracts between smaller agencies and larger agencies.

Question 7

What is siege mentality?

Answer 7

Adventure aspect of policing, not community service

Question 8

What is the “blue code of silence”?

Answer 8

The belief that officers must support one another, loyalty to fellow officers is placed higher than other values

Question 9

Define Police Occupational Subculture.
Define Police Organizational Subculture.

Answer 9

Occupational: a set of norms and beliefs held by most officers in a given country.
Organizational: particular to an individual department.

Question 10

What is police discretion? View chart in slides.

Answer 10

The ability of officers to make decisions using their judgment and experience instead of strict laws when performing their duties.

Question 11

Define racial profiling.

Answer 11

The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense.

Question 12

What is misuse of authority? Consequences?
What is “noble cause”?

Answer 12

When an officer disregards policies, rules, or laws in the performance of their duties.
Officers could face criminal prosecution, departments could be civilly liable.
Noble cause - “the end justifies the means”, Sledgehammer

Question 13

Define police corruption.
What are some organizational and individual explanations for this?

Answer 13

The misuse of authority for personal gain.
Organizational - the “code of silence”
Individual - saving oneself from setting in trouble

Question 14

What is integrity? Who is responsible for maintaining police integrity?

Answer 14

Moral principles and professional standards that help officers resist the temptation to abuse their rights and privileges.
Management is responsible.

Question 15

How can police integrity be tested?

Answer 15

Data-driven early warning systems that identify officers with problematic behavior
Targeted integrity testing - controlled opportunities to test for unlawful or unethical behavior

Question 16

Describe the structure of the law enforcement system.

Answer 16

1. Sheriffs - smallest, police counties with no law enforcement
2. Police departments - much larger than sheriffs, provide temporary housing of arrested persons
3. State law enforcement -prisons, roles/missions are defined by state law
4. Federal law enforcement - deal with violations of federal statutes, DOJ, FBI, marshals, homeland security (cbp)

Question 17

Define private security. Define privatization.

Answer 17

Any individual, organization, or service (other than public law enforcement and regulatory agencies) engaged primarily in the prevention and investigation of crime, loss, or harm to specific individuals, organizations, or facilities.
Privatization is the transfer of government programs and functions to the private sector.

Question 18

What are the 3 major policing roles? View chart in slides.

Answer 18

Maintaining Order - Keeping the Peace
Enforcing the Law - When Arrest is Needed
-> detect -> investigate -> arrest
Providing Service - Nonemergency Police Work
-> service activities - non-law enforcement duties performed by police officers on an as-needed basis

Question 19

What is preventive patrol?

Answer 19

randomly patrolling a neighborhood
assumption is that seeing policed deters crime
focused on reducing street crime

Question 20

What is problem-oriented policing? What is the SARA model?

Answer 20

conducting research on crime and devising strategies to prevent that crime
Scanning - identifying problem, consequences, frequency
Analysis - identifying the cause of problem
Response - thinking creatively about ways to solve problem
Assessment - determining if program was effectively implemented and if goals were met

Question 21

What is community-oriented policing? What are the four components?

Answer 21

focuses on reducing crime/disorder by involving residents in job of policing, on the beat, interacting with civilians
1. Police-community reciprocity - collaboration between police and community members to solve and prevent crime
2. Decentralization of command - creation of police buildings in various areas so police maintain community presence
3. Proactive foot patrol - officers walk beats to learn from and develop relationships with community members
4. Civilianization - assigning non-dangerous tasks to civilians

Question 22

What is aggressive order maintenance? What is the broken windows theory?

Answer 22

zero-tolerance policing, increased arrests for minor offenses
broken windows theory: if you let people get away with crimes, more people will commit crimes

Question 23

What is chain of command? What is unity of command?
What is span of control?

Answer 23

CoC: the line of authority that extends throughout the organization
UoC: requires each individual within the organization to report directly to a single individual higher in the chain of command
SoC: the extent of an individual’s authority, or the number of people that individual is responsible for overseeing

Question 24

What are the 5 factors that affect resource allocation?

Answer 24

Demands of citizens
Administrative requirements
Agendas of local government leaders
Policing strategy in practice
Local politics

Question 25

What is crime mapping? What is GIS? What is crime analysis?

Answer 25

Crime mapping: the process of pinpointing the locations and times of crimes
Geographic information systems: a computerized mapping system to produce detailed descriptions of crime occurrences and analyze the relationships between variables such as location and time
Crime analysis: the assessment of crime-related information to help prevent crime and support law enforcement

Question 26

Define criminalistics.

Answer 26

The use of scientific techniques in recognizing, identifying, individualizing, and evaluating physical evidence.

Question 27

Define custody.

Answer 27

The incarceration of persons either accused or convicted of a crime

Question 28

Define communications interoperability

Answer 28

The ability of different jurisdictions to talk and share data

Question 29

Describe the 4th amendment.

Answer 29

The government can’t do unreasonable searches and seizures
There must be a reasonable expectation of privacy
The court decides probable cause, or reasonableness

Question 30

What are some exceptions to the need for a warrant (4th amendment)?

Answer 30

If obtaining a warrant would endanger public safety by obstructing an officer’s ability to do the job
If there is probable cause
Some warrantless seizures (Terry stop, stop-and-frisk)

Question 31

What is a Terry stop? Stop-and-frisk? Search incident to arrest?

Answer 31

Terry stop - pat down, investigating a crime, suspicion
Stop-and-frisk - no crime, needed for safety purposes
Search… - when a person is placed under arrest, police may search them

Question 32

What is the exclusionary rule (4th amendment)? What is the derivative evidence rule?

Answer 32

Evidence obtained in violation of an individual’s 4th amendment rights cannot be used against them in a criminal trial
Any evidence derived from something that is illegally seized is itself inadmissible

Question 33

What are the 4 exceptions to the exclusionary rule (4th amendment)?

Answer 33

Good faith: officers act in good faith on a warrant that is later declared unreasonable
Inevitable discovery: illegally obtained evidence is admissible if officers would have discovered it under proper procedures
Attenuation: the link between the unconstitutional act and evidence weakens due to a long period of time
Standing: the defendant does not have standing because it wasn’t their rights that were violated, they don’t have reasonable expectation of privacy if it’s not their property that’s being searched

Question 34

What is the 5th amendment? What is voluntariness test?

Answer 34

A person cannot be compelled to confess
Confessions are inadmissible unless obtained voluntarily

Question 35

What are the Miranda warnings? What do they apply to?

Answer 35

Before people in police custody may be questioned, they must be informed of their constitutional rights (Miranda warnings).
A confession is not voluntary if the person doesn’t know their rights.
They apply only to testimonial evidence (statements made by the suspect).

Question 36

What are some exceptions to the Miranda rule?

Answer 36

Public safety exception: police don’t have to read warnings if there is an immediate threat to public safety
Suspects can waive their 5th amendment rights.

Question 37

What is the 6th amendment? View chart in slides.

Answer 37

The right of the accused to counsel

Question 38

How is use of force regulated?

Answer 38

Case law, precedents

Question 39

What is objective reasonableness (use of force)?

Answer 39

The reasonableness of a particular use-of-force incident must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene

Question 40

What is qualified immunity (use of force)?

Answer 40

Officers, under specific circumstances, cannot be sued for their actions

Question 41

What is the use of force continuum? View chart in slides.

Answer 41

Guideline depicting the appropriate amount of force an officer may use in particular kinds of situations.

Question 42

What is a pursuit? What is the problem with pursuits? How does qualified immunity relate?

Answer 42

When a law enforcement officer signals a driver to stop his automobile and the driver refuses to do so
Even when necessary, pursuits are dangerous
Qualified immunity shields officers from civil suits, but they are still liable

Question 43

What are the aims of the current drug enforcement strategy in the U.S.? Has the strategy been effective?

Answer 43

1. Preventing drugs from entering
2. Stopping drug sales
3. Arresting individual users in possession of illicit drugs
   No

Question 44

Explain mandatory arrest policies and dual arrests in regards to IPV.

Answer 44

Partners don’t want each other to get arrested, a partner getting arrested could make violence worse, so…
Mandatory arrest dictates that officers must make an arrest when there is evidence of an assault
Dual arrests: officer arrests both parties instead of arresting only the primary aggressor