1.3 Society And Culture

Question 1

What were the 4 immigration acts?

Answer 1

1917 Emergency immigrant act, lists a number of undesirable people eg insane, criminals and homosexuals.

1921 Emergency quota act restricts the number of immigrants to 3% of how many were living in 1910.

1924 Johnson Reed immigration.
Caused changes to quota act to 2% on 1890 census.
And a fixed 150,000

1929 National origins formula
Confirms 150,000 and bans Asian immigrants

Question 2

What were the four things that changed attitude to immigration?

Answer 2

The Dillingham Commission.
Isolationism
First red scare
Increased unemployment.

Question 3

What was the Dillingham commission?

Answer 3

A report that came into 1911 that investigated the impact of immigration.
It outlined that immigration has the capacity to be a “serious threat” to society.
It concluded there were “old” immigrants who could easily adapt to the American way of life. Eg Irish and English.

Despite this there were also “New immigrants” who were less easily adapted eg Asians.

Question 4

How did Isolationism link to immigration?

Answer 4

The government used this policy to have less contact with the rest of the world.

Question 5

How did the Red Scare link to immigration?

Answer 5

meant that people were concerned that immigrants would be communist and Anarchist trying to bring this idea.

Question 6

What were the benefits of immigration?

Answer 6

There was a spike in unemployment so the immigrants filled this labour that was needed.

The cost of labour decreased.

Question 7

What was a byproduct of immigration?

Answer 7

The ghettos and ethnic communities.

Question 8

What was the amount of “Alien immigrants”

Answer 8

Italian Americans (14.2)%
German Americans (10.8)
Japanese (less than 1%)

Question 9

How did America treat alien immigrants?

Answer 9

120,000 Japanese US citizens were shut up in interment camps.
Fewer than 1% of Germans and Italians interred.

Question 10

How did the Alien immigrants progress?

Answer 10

Enemy aliens volunteered to join the US military.

Second generation aliens volunteered to join the military.

Question 11

What were three war immigration policies?

Between 1940-1957

Answer 11

1940- Alien Registration Act.
1948- Displaced Persons Act
1952- MCARRAN-Walter act.
1953- Refugee relief Act.
1954- operation wetback
1957 Refugee-Escapee Act.

Question 12

What was the Alien Registration act (1940)?

Answer 12

It requires non-citizens to register with the federal government. It was a war-time , but after the war it was normalised as “the green card” system.

Question 13

What was the displaced persons act (1948)?

Answer 13

Allows for the immigration 415,000 displaced by the war over four years, but within the quota limit.

Question 14

What was the MCarren- Walter Act (1952)?

Answer 14

Revises the terms of immigration retains a limit to 150,000.
As a result of the 1920 census 85% of immigrants from Northen and Western Europe.
Allows for 100,000 Asian immigrants.

Question 15

What was the Refugee relief Act? (1953)

Answer 15

Allowed for 214,000 refugees from Europe.

Question 16

What was operation Wetback? (1954)

Answer 16

Starting the deportation of illegal immigration who are not registered.

Question 17

What was the Refugee- Escapee act? (1957)

Answer 17

Refugee legislation is expanded to cover people escaping from communist companies.

Question 18

What were the immigration policies between 1960-1976?

Answer 18

1965 Hart-Celler Act.
1966 Cuban adjustment Act.
1968 Armed Forces Naturalisations Act
1976 immigration and Nationality Act expanded

Question 19

What was the 1965 Hart-Celler Act?

Answer 19

Abolishes quotas, sets a limit of 170,000 immigrants a year and allows for more asian immigration.

Question 20

What was the 1966 Cuban adjustment Act?

Answer 20

Given citizens to Cubans entering the country after 1959.

Question 21

What was the 1968 Armed Forces Naturalisations Act?

Answer 21

Makes anyone a US citizen who fought for the USA in the FWW.

Question 22

What was the Immigration and Nationality act expanded (1976)

Answer 22

Expands to include Western Hemisphere for the first time number of immigrants

Question 23

What was the evidence that USA was not a melting point?
Italy?
China?

Answer 23

Most Urban areas were informally segregated into separate sections which had different sections for different ethnic groups.

Little Italy kept the Italian customs and lived a very religious life.

China were the most rigidly self isolating as they had a very diverse culture.

Question 24

Where in America had the largest immigrant population?

Answer 24

Detroit had a strong immigrant population that aided ton create a strong labour force for Henry Ford.

Question 25

What was two negative aspects for the newly arrived immigrants and what was two positive aspects?

Answer 25

NEGATIVE.
The newly arrived immigrants were exploited and made to work in small family businesses

The laissez faire meant they were exploited.

POSITIVE.
In 1920 there were examples of Italian politicians who had worked their way into power.

They immigrants had lots of power in election ad well

Question 26

How did the World War 1 impact women?

Answer 26

Positive
-Gave them a chance to work.
(19th Amendment gave Women the vote under same conditions as men).

The league of Women’s voters was set up to encourage voting, equivalent to the civil rights

DOWNSIDE- It was mostly educated white women who voted.
Poor women did not vote.
Women voted as their husbands said.
-Wages were less than men.

Question 27

What was the roaring twenties for women? (4)

Answer 27

Once the war ended there was an expectation for things to return to normal.
It was the lives of single well off white women that were most open to change.

Changing industries had created more office jobs for women (working in a typing pool)

In 1920 a Women’s bureau of labour was set up to improve working conditions for women.

Between 1910 and 1940 number of working women working women went from 8.3% to 9.8%.

Question 28

What was a symbol of Women in the roaring 20s
what are three parts of what they did?

What is a caveat?

Answer 28

1- they went out without chaperones and smoke and drank in public. They cut their hair short and wore provocative clothing. (Clara Bow)

2-Some acted like young men going to male dominated sports events like boxing.

3- they went to Jazz clubs and went to speakeasies.

they changed the perception of women.

Question 29

What was the impact of the Great Depression on the lives of women?

Answer 29

Women had to work as they would be the only earner or to supplement another income.

-In 1932 Women’s Bureau of labour found 97% working in packing plants were not doing so because they wanted to.

Question 30

What link did the suburbs have on women?

Answer 30

The suburbs created a subset of women who had a large amount of time.
The idea was to become a perfect housewife.

Question 31

What were the advancements of Women 1941-1960

Answer 31

The opinion of women changed. Only 13% thought that women should not work.

The position of black women also increased as they were getting jobs they were not welcome to do before.

Black women on nursing courses doubled.

Question 32

What were the limitations of Women 1941-1960

Answer 32

• Suburbs may have reinstated the idea of housewife.
• Men took back jobs, munition factories became electrical appliances.
• Black women struggled to find work.

Question 33

What was the impact of the second world war on women?

Answer 33

Women showed they were capable of doing male work.

An image of Rosy the Riveter with a well muscled arm circulated.

1940- Selective training and service act trained women to fill the places of men.

Question 34

How were black women treated during the second world war?

Answer 34

the position of black women increased as they were able to take jobs they couldnt before (Eg nursing).

Negatives- They were avoided by employers as they were seen as having sexual diseases.

Question 35

What were the post war changes of world war 2.

Answer 35

About half the women who worked during the war left.

The percentage of married women 45-54 rose from 10.1% in 1940 to 22.2% in 1950.

The war also changed the attitude in 1942 it was only 13% who did not believe women should not work.
1936 this was 82%

Question 36

What type of living arrangement increased after WW2.

What did this entail?

Answer 36

Suburban living:
Rise of the suburbs after WW2
In 1960 more people lived in suburbs than in 1950.
Labour saving devices (hoovers)
1954 first shopping mall built in Detroit suburbs.

Question 37

What did the government set up in relation to women?

Answer 37

In 1961 Eleanor Roosvelt influenced president Kennedy to set up a commission of Enquiry on the status of Women.

Question 38

What were the positive findings published of the Enquiry on the status of women.

Answer 38

1963 it published its results, praising the equal pay act and the wider opportunity for Women in government.

1958 Education Act, has said schools should have job counsellors.

1964 Civil Rights Act included sexual equality.

Question 39

What were the negative findings published of the enquiry on the status of women?

Answer 39

Equal Pay act was badly needed and badly enforced.

Women accounted for 1/3 workers but were discriminated in access to training.

Non white women were in the worse position.

1963 report noted Women were not encouraged to think about a career.

Question 40

What did Betty Frieden do?

What was the impact of this?

Answer 40

In 1963 Betty published a book “feminine mystique”.
About the constrains of suburban life and the constrains of White married women.

The book created exposure as it was widely debated on TV.

Question 41

What group was Betty Frieden involved in?

Answer 41

Frieden was one of Now’s (National organisation for Women) Founding Members.

Question 42

What was Now and what did it do?

Answer 42

NOW was set up in 1966 they lobbied with politicians and collected data.

Question 43

What was the young radicals?

Answer 43

This was a second strand to the Women’s liberation who were under 30, white and middle class.

Question 44

Why did the Young Radicals create the group?

Answer 44

Because they were a part of groups like the SNCC and SDS but women were still discriminated within these groups.

Question 45

What was something that publicised the young radicals?

Answer 45

A newspaper called the Women’s liberation movement was set up. It began selling 200 copies and then got to 2000 copies.

Question 46

What was the objective of young radicals?

Answer 46

Young radicals wanted the same as other women liberation groups eg pro-abortion.

Question 47

What was the reception to young radicals?

Answer 47

Young radicals gained the most publicity as men dismissed them most easily.

Question 48

What was the opposition to women’s liberation movement?

Answer 48

It attracted a large amount of opposition as men were seen as the enemy.

Conservatives rejected the movement as they considered it as “unamerican”

Phyliss Schlafly objected to demands for equal rights and set up a group called stop ERA.

Question 49

What was the impact of cinema between 1915-1930?

Answer 49

By 1917 movies were the biggest entertainment source in the USA.
Until 1920s movies had no sound recording.

In 1927 the first talkie was made “the jazz singer”

Question 50

What was the impact of movies after the first world War?

Answer 50

After the first world war movies boomed as they gave the public and evening out.
By 1941 there were 10,500,000 movie seats, one for every 12.5 people.

Question 51

What was something else that happened in the movie sector? (MAG)

Answer 51

Movies were reviewed in in magazines and there were magazines devoted to the lives of hollywood stars.

Question 52

What were the arguments against the Women’s Bureau of labour during the great depression?

What was another negative for women during the great depression?

Answer 52

• it was ignored within the Bureau of labour due to focus on Women.
• Some women thought it was hindering progress as it supported government legislation that women should not work more than 10h a day. (work in meat packing required more than a 10h day).
• Some women had to apply for relief programmes or some were flung into migrant labour market. The labour migrant pool was large with Mexican and Black american women fighting for back-breaking work

Question 53

What was the impact of the new deal on women?

Answer 53

-Provided aid for families with dependent children but men came first.
New deal agencies like CCC employed 2.5 million young men.

• Eleanor Roosevelt wanted to set up something similar in forestry. 1933 she set up first camp, camp tera. By 1936, 36 camps were taking 5,000 women a year.
• However, they only took women for 2-3 months with no wages and only gave them budget management.
• Black women benefitted the least from the New Deal as they were edged out of jobs by desperate whites. For every dollar a white man earned a White women earned 61 cents and black women 23 cents.
• Fannie Peck set up a series of housewives leagues in detroit, which encouraged people to shop in black stores.

Question 54

What are the gains Women’s advancement?

Answer 54

• 1967 Johnson passed affirmative action on working conditions.
• 1972 Einstadt Vs Baird allowed access to contraception to unmarried women.
• 1973 Roe v Board allowed access to aboriton

Question 55

What are the limitations to Women’s advancement?

Answer 55

• Equal Rights was passed but still not ratified.
• Roe v Board 1973 but strict rules around health and timing.
• Employers found ways that they could discriminate.