13 - Social Psychology Flashcards by Geoff Simpson

Assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions.

Ultimate Attribution Error ¹³

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We’re more likely to believe sources we believe to be trustworthy.

Manufacturing Source Credibility ¹³

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Participants given boring task (put plastic spools into a tray and take out repeaedly)

Some paid $1; some paid $20 to tell next person that the task was “very enjoyable.”

Participants debriefed after, were asked about their true feelings toward the task

Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Study ¹³

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Negative behaviour toward members of out-groups.

Discrimination ¹³

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Outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion.

Mass Hysteria ¹³

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Capitolizing on the desire to achieve unrealistic objectives.

Phantom Goal ¹³

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From the standpoint of an evolutionary approach to social behaviour; ___________ and __________ (are/aren’t) inherently maladaptive. 13

Conformity | Obedience | Are Not ¹³

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_________ ____ associated with violence, such as guns and knives can serve as _________ ________ and can make us more likely to act violently in response to provokation.

Aggressive Cues | Discriminative Stimuli ¹³

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These affect aggression and can be short-term or long-term.

Situational Influences ¹³

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Aggression between people becomes more likely when they provoke by insulting, threatening, or hitting.

Interpersonal Provocation ¹³

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Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes.

Scapegoat Hypothesis ¹³

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When our autonomic nervous sytems are hyped up we may mistakenly attribute this ________ to anger.

Arousal ¹³

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Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group.

In-Group Bias ¹³

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Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence.

Prejudice ¹³

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The exception to aggression being prominant in males of the species.

Laughing Hyena ¹³

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Also known as the Stanford Prison Experiment

Haney, Banks, Zimbardo Prison Study (1973) ¹³

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Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason.

Just-World Hypothesis ¹³

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Rate of violent crime in the US mirrors __________. ______ ___________ increases _______.

Temperature | Warm Temperature | Irritability ¹³

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Behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically.

Aggression ¹³

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A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group.

Stereotype ¹³

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Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours. Alternative explaination for Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger findings.

Self-Perception Theory ¹³

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Educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project.

Jigsaw Classroom ¹³

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Is prison behaviour a result of the inherent character of people they house or does prison itself control behaviour?

Simulated prison in basement

Male University students screened for health, emotional stability

“psychological study on prison life”

“guards” or “prisoners” | Random assignment

Guards: taunted, insulted, & dehumanized prisoners

Prisoners: at first, tried to rebel; soon became passive; emotional disturbance

Loss of identity

Stanford Prison Experiment ¹³

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There are about _____ reported rapes every day in the US, about 1 every ___ __________.

230 | 6 minutes ¹³

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Evolutionary principle; creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different.

Adaptive Conservatism ¹³

We're more likely to like someone or something that bears similarities to us.

Inherant Egotism Effect ¹³

Process of assigning causes to behaviour.

Attribution ¹³

Unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.

Implicit Prejudice ¹³

Belief that includes an emotional component.

Attitude ¹³

Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities.

Deindividuation ¹³

Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique ¹³

Video games and other ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_can affect violence in both Western and Asian cultures.

Media Influences ¹³

Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.

Out-Group Homogeneity ¹³

Tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure.

Conformity ¹³

Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others.

Diffusion of Responsibility ¹³

Group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause.

Cult ¹³

Somethings rare so it must be valuable.

Scarcity Heuristic ¹³

Form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation.

Relational Aggression ¹³

Study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes.

Social Psychology ¹³

If most believe it works then it must.

Concensus Heuristic ¹³

Things that are natural must be good.

the Natural Commonplace ¹³

An experimental artifact where participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation.

Demand Characterists ¹³

Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do.

Pluralistic Ignorance ¹³

Not calling 911 if someone being harmed or house on fire.

Bystander Effect or Bystander Non-Intervention ¹³

Helping others for unselfish reasons.

Altruism ¹³

Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted.

Door-in-the-Face Technique ¹³

Conforming without belief in what you are doing.

Compliance ¹³

A catchy tune or cute animal on a commercial superficially integrated into (un)consciousness.

Peripheral processing ¹³

Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.

Groupthink ¹³

Marketing technique which tells us about another's personal experiences.

Vivid Testimonials ¹³

Certain things like _________ and ________ can ________ our brain's prefontal cortex, lowering _________ towards behaving violently.

Alcohol and Drugs | Disinhibit | Inhibitions ¹³

Belief that we all possess a hidden mystical side that science neglects or denies.

the Goddess WIthin Commonplace

Adherence to explicit instructions from those of higher authority.

Obedience ¹³

Ich Liebe Dich Ole❤️

True ! ❤️

Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups.

Social Loafing ¹³

Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs; we change our behaviour, and sometimes it's easier to change our original belief.

Cognitive Dissonance ¹³

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better.

Enlightenment Effect ¹³

Persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the “add-on” costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product.

Lowball Technique ¹³

Tendency to overestimate the influences of character traits/dispositional causes on other people's behaviour.

Fundamental Attribution Error ¹³

Theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes.

Impression Management Theory ¹³

There are between ___ and ___ Murders in the United States every day.

40 | 45 ¹³

Depth of ___________ conviction. Conscientiousness in teenageers is more likely to result in increased levels of ___________ in adulthood.

Religious | Religiosity ¹³

We see behaviour is influenced by environment when judging ourselves and undeerstand when situational demands affect our behaviour in unusual ways. We may not have that same insight judging others.

Actor-Observer Effect ¹³

More likely to believe if we hear it a lot.

Recognition heuristic ¹³

When we are thwarted __________ can influence aggression.

Frustration ¹³

Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking those reasons.

Inoculation Effect ¹³

People from the sourthern regions of the US are more likely than others to adhere to a _________ \_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Culture of Honour ¹³

Unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.

Explicit Prejudice ¹³

We’ve listened carefully and examined the merits of the product for ourselves.

Central processing ¹³

The type of message (and our processing of it) influences likelihood of attitude change **Peripheral processing** (superficial) E.g. A catchy tune or cute animal on a commercial **Central processing** (elaboration) E.g. we’ve listened carefully and examined the merits of the product for ourselves Which ‘route’ is taken depends on the relevance of the message to the target Who is attempting to persuade you can also have an impact Highly credible people/authority Attractive/celebrities If messenger is similar to receiver

Dual Process Theory ¹³

A conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event. They do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction

Impression Management ¹³

Answering questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. Over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad," or undesirable behavior.

Social Desirability ¹³