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CPSY 202 Psychology > 11 - Emotion & Motivation > Flashcards

11 - Emotion & Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Developed Broaden and Build Theory

A

Barbara Fredrickson 11

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2
Q

Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other hand.

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law 11

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3
Q

Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour.

A

Nonverbal Leakage 11

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4
Q

Extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction.

A

Similarity 11

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5
Q

Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction.

A

Motivation 11

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6
Q

True or False 9: The effects of truth serum are quite similar to those of ingesting several alcoholic drinks. 11

A

True

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7
Q

Love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner.

A

Passionate Love 11

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8
Q

When we believe that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do, we’re suffering from a _______ _______. 11

A

Durability Bias

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9
Q

True or False: Happiness tends to decline sharply after age 50. 11

A

False

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10
Q

Most drive reduction theories propose that we’re motivated to maintain a given level of psychological _______. 11

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

In about 6% of severe obesity, responsability lies with a mutation in a major _______ _ _______ _______.

A

Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene

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12
Q

True or False: According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, we generally do best when we’re at our highest levels of arousal. 11

A

False

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13
Q

Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight.

A

Anorexia Nervosa 11

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14
Q

According to psychological research, money (can/can’t) buy longterm happiness. 11

A

Can’t

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15
Q

Research shows that the primary problem with the polygraph test is its high rate of (false positives/false negatives). 11

A

False Positives

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16
Q

True or False: Few people are sexually active into their seventies and eighties. 11

A

False

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17
Q

According to Damasio’s somatic marker theory, we (do/don’t) use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act. 11

A

Do

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18
Q

1.25 to 3 meters / 4 to 12 feet; typically used for conversation among strongers and casual aquaintances.

A

Social Distance 11

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19
Q

Theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly.

A

Broaden and Build Theory 11

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20
Q

For a relationship to move to deeper levels, the rule of give and take, or _______, is often crucial. 11

A

Reciprocity

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21
Q

Equilibrium.

A

Homeostasis 11

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22
Q

True or False: Obese individuals seem resistant to the effects of leptin. 11

A

True

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23
Q

Typically, the correlation between people’s confidence in their ability to detect lies and their accuracy in dong so is (low/high). 11

A

Low

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24
Q

Fear causes our digestive systems to _______. 11

A

Slow

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25
Q

Describe how we experience emotions during an event like a car accident, according to Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. 11

A

We first experience arousal after an emotion-provoking event and then look to the situation to determine the cause of that arousal. The emotional label we attach to our arousal based on our interpretation of the situation is the emotion we experience.

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26
Q

A genuine smile associated with increased activity of the front region of the left hemisphere; appears to be specialized for positive emotions.

A

Duchenne Smile 11

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27
Q

Identified the Flight or Fight response. With Philip Bard proposed theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.

A

Walter Cannon 11

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28
Q

According to the _____ _____ _____, the expression “keep a stiff upper lip” should improve your mood. 11

A

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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29
Q

Theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states.

A

Drive Reduction Theory 11

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30
Q

True or False: Starvation can lead to at least some symptoms of anorexia nervosa. 11

A

True

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31
Q

Along with William James developed their theoy of emotion

A

Carl Lange 11

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32
Q

Theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions ” to help us determine how we should act.

A

Somatic Marker Theory 11

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33
Q

Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.

A

Leptin 11

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34
Q

Glee we experience at the misfortune of others, especially those we consider arrogant.

A

Schadenfreude

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35
Q

Emotion relatively specific to a region in the frontal cortex behind our eyes

A

Anger 11

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36
Q

Companionate and passionate love appear to be psychologically and physiologically independent. 11

A

True

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37
Q

Alarm - Fear & Surprise

Hatred - Anger & Disgust

Schadenfreude - Happiness, Anger, & Pride

A

Primary Emotions Combined

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38
Q

Across vastly different cultures, men and women tend to (agree/disagree) on whom they find physically attractive. 11

A

Agree

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39
Q

The Feeding Centre

Stimulate rat eats; destroy rat starves

Lower/Ventromedial

Stimulate rat starves; lesion rat eats

A

Lateral Hypothalamus 11

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40
Q

Average faces are rated as (less/more) attractive than distinctive or exotic faces. 11

A

More

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41
Q

True or False: A few months after winning big in a lottery, lottery winners aren’t much happier than anyone else. 11

A

True

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42
Q

Using Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, complete this figure by identifying the three major elements of love (forming the points of the triangle). According to Sternberg, what is the ultimate form of love? 11

a.

d.

b. c.

A

a. Intimacy
d. consummate love
b. passion c. commitment

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43
Q

True or False: Personal distance from others is usually correlated with emotional distance. 11

A

True

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44
Q

When stressed or nervous, you may engage in _______, such as biting your fingernails or twirling your hair. 11

A

Manipulators

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45
Q

The most widely administered version of the polygraph test, the _______ _______ _______, measures subjets’ physiological responses following three major types of yes-no questions. 11

A

Controlled Question Test (CQT)

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46
Q

The ability to predict our own and others’ happiness is called _______ _______. 11

A

Affective Forecasting

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47
Q

Ability to predict our own and others’ happiness.

A

Affective Forecasting 11

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48
Q

Model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs.

A

Hierarchy of Needs 11

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49
Q

Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.

A

Glucostatic Theory 11

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50
Q

According to _______ theory, when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose. 11

A

Glucostatic

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51
Q
  1. Public Distance
  2. Social Distance
  3. Personal Distance
  4. Intimate Distance
A

Levels of Personal Space 11

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52
Q

When talking, we often use _______, gestures that highlight or accentuate speech. 11

A

Illustrators

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53
Q

According to one theory of influences on sexual orientation, girls exposed to excessive testoterone in the womb develop _______ brains, and boys exposed to too little testosterone develop _______ brains. 11

A

Masculinized / Feminized

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54
Q

A relationship marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for our partner is called _______ _______.11

A

Companionate Love

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55
Q

_______ is the most common eating disorder, and 95% of the people with this diagnosis are women. 11

A

Bulimia

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56
Q

“Self-realization.” Proposed by Aristotle. The good life” is about living in line with your core values. This may not always bring you ‘pleasure’ but emphasizes self-actualization, rather than following desire.

A

Eudaimonic View

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57
Q

Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction.

A

Proximity 11

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58
Q

What kind of smile is characterized by the turning upwards of the corners of the mouth and changes in the eyelids and corners of the eye? 11

A

The Duchenne Smile

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59
Q

Each of us may have a genetically programmed _______ _______ that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain. 11

A

Set Point

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60
Q

True of False: Some emotions, like happiness, appear to be recognized by a substantial majority of people in all cultures. 11

A

True

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61
Q

Too tired to get up and eat?

A

Conflicting Drives 11

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62
Q

Is there any research evidence that motivational speakers, like Anthony Robbins, produce long-term changes in people’s behaviour? 11

A

No

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63
Q

With Stanley Schachter proposed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Jerome Singer 11

64
Q

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, we’re more likely to feel emotions that correspond to our _______ _______. 11

A

Facial Features

65
Q

Totally absorption in an activity where we don’t notice passage of time. Associated with high levels of satisfaction and subjective well-being.

A

Flow 11

66
Q

True or False: In general, people find average faces the most physically attractive. 11

A

True

67
Q

_______ theories propose that we’re often motivated by positive goals. 11

A

Incentive

68
Q

Emotion relatively specific to the insula, a region within the limbic system.

A

Disgust

69
Q

According to Fredrickson’s _______ _______ _______ theory, happiness predisposes us to think more openly. 11

A

Broaden and Build

70
Q

Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simulta-neously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.

A

Cannon-Bard Theory 11

71
Q

True or False: According to the James-Lange theory, emotions follow from our bodily reactions. 11

A

True

72
Q

The unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour is known as _______ _______. 11

A

Non-Verbal Leakage

73
Q

_______ _______ is a strategy of anticipating failures and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes. 11

A

Defensive Pessimism

74
Q

Study of personal space.

A

Proxemics 11

75
Q

Theory that blood vessels via expressions send temperature information to the brain, altering our experience of emotions.

A

Facial Feedback Hypothesis 11

76
Q

Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction.

A

Reciprocity 11

77
Q

_______ love can be a mix of delirious happiness when we’re near the object of our desire, and misery when separated from it. 11

A

Passionate

78
Q

True or False: Two-factor theory proposes that arousal is necessary for emotion. 11

A

True

79
Q

Alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t.

A

Guilty Knowledge Test 11

80
Q

Emotion relatively specific to the Amygdala.

A

Fear

81
Q

How do emoticons help to ensure that an email or text message is interpreted in the manner it was intended? 11

A

Because email message are devoid of non-verbal cues, people have developed a variety of emoticons to convey various emotions that might not be obcious over email or instant messaging.

82
Q

Phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women.

A

Orgasm (climax) Phase 11

83
Q

Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain.

A

Set Point 11

84
Q

True or False: Pessimism is an adaptive strategy for some people. 11

A

True

85
Q

Eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight.

A

Bulimia Nervosa 11

86
Q

Explain how the kind of Bhutan plans to increase the gross national happiness of his country and why this initiative may be beneficial to all. 11

A

The King plans to boost GNH in Bhutan by preserving the beauty of its natural environment, promoting cultural values, and giving citizens more of a voice in government decisions. This is beneficial because happiness often breeds both health and success in our work, family, and love lives.

87
Q

With Jerome Singer proposed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Stanley Schachter 11

88
Q

Founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy. A pupil of Socrates. Adopted “ethical hedonism;” the goal of life is to seek pleasure by circumstances to oneself and by maintaining proper control over both adversity and prosperity.

A

Aristippus of Cyrene 11

89
Q

Gestures that convey specific meaning, such as a hand wave or the okay sign, are called _______. 11

A

Emblems

90
Q

How does the polygraph rely on the assumption of the Pinocchio response? 11

A

The Pinocchio response is a perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying. Like Pinocchio’s nose, people’s bodily reactions supposedly give them away whenever they lie.

91
Q

Small number of emotions (perhaps seven) believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal.

  • Happiness
  • Sadness
  • Surprise
  • Anger
  • Disgust
  • Fear
  • Contempt
  • Maybe Pride
A

Primary Emotions 11

92
Q

The ________ law describes an inverted U-shape relation between arousal on the one hand and performance and mood on the other. 11

A

Yerkes-Dodson

93
Q

Physical nearness, or _______, affords the opportunity for relationship formation. 11

A

Proximity

94
Q

Along with Carl Lange developed their theoy of emotion

A

William James

95
Q
  • Marriage
  • Friendships
  • College/University
  • Religion
  • Political Affiliation
  • Exercise
  • Gratitude
  • Giving
  • Flow
A

Reasons for Increased Happiness 11

96
Q

True or False: Money is highly correlated with happiness, especially at high levels of income. 11

A

False

97
Q

Emotions not especially different in their brain response.

A

Brain Activation of Happiness and Sadness 11

98
Q

True or False 7: People who’ve had a great deal of experience with liars are almost alwsy better at detecting them than other people are. 11

A

False

99
Q

According to _______ theories of emotion, emotions are products of thinking. 11

A

Cognitive

100
Q
  1. Aproach Aproach
  2. Avoidance Avoidance
  3. Approch

Avoidance

  1. Double-Approach Avoid

Approach Approach

Avoidance Avoidance

A

4 Approch Avoidance Conflicts 11

101
Q

According to _______ _______ theory, humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that combine in complex ways. 11

A

Discrete Emotions

102
Q

Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it.

A

Excitement Phase 11

103
Q

3 meters / 12 ft or more; typically used for public speaking or lecturing.

A

Public Distance 11

104
Q

Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances.

  • We’re poor at predicting what makes us happy.
  • Life circumstances can temporarily shift our happiness level, but we return to our set point shortly thereafter.
  • We have a durability bias when thinking about our moods. We think they will last longer than they actually do.
  • We have a happiness “set point” – our baseline level of hippiness
  • We adapt to our circumstances (the hedonic treadmill)
  • “Happiness is a process, not a place”
A

Hedonic Treadmill 11

105
Q

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, an emotion-provolking event leads ________ both to an emotion and to bodily reactions.

A

Simultaneously

106
Q

According to Buss, across cultures, (men/women) attach more importance to physical attractiveness. 11

A

Men

107
Q

Disgust is relatively specific to what brain part? 11

A

Insula (area within Limbic System)

108
Q

True or False: Psychological research demonstrates that emotion and reason are direct opposites of each other. 11

A

False

109
Q

They identified numerous charcter strenghts and virtues as essential to Positive Psychology

A

Christoper Peterson and Martin Seligman 11

110
Q

Masters and Johnson reported in their pioneering investigation that the basic sexual arousal cycle is (the same/different) for men and women. 11

A

the Same

111
Q

Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying.

A

Pinocchio Response 11

112
Q

With Walter Cannon, proposed theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simulta-neously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.

A

Philip Bard 11

113
Q

According to the _______ theory of emotion, emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli. 11

A

James-Lange

114
Q

Marked by a deterioration of utonomic nervous system neurons beginning in middle age.

A

Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF) 11

115
Q

Experiences remembered by how the day Peaked and how it ended.

A

Peak | End Rule

116
Q

Strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes.

A

Defensive Pessimism 11

117
Q

Mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences.

A

Emotion 11

118
Q

The increase in happiness with old age appears to be due to the _______ effect. 11

A

Positivity

119
Q

Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner.

A

Companionate Love 11

120
Q

Questionnaire that presumably assesses workers’ tendency to steal or cheat.

A

Integrity Test 11

121
Q

Theory proposing that emotions are produced by

a) an undifferentiated state of arousal along with
b) an attribution (explanation) of that arousal.

*Being aroused intensifies emotions (bridge/roller coaster)

A

Two-Factor Theory 11

122
Q

Theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues.

A

Internal–External Theory 11

123
Q

True or False: Opinions of beauty and attractiveness tend to vary widely across cultures. 11

A

False

124
Q
  1. Law Enforcement
  2. Secret Service
  3. Judges
  4. Specialized Clinical Psychologists
A

Few groups are good at detecting lies at better than 50% accuracy. They are: 11

125
Q

Need for stimulation

A

Stimulus Hunger 11

126
Q

.5 to 1.25 meters / 1.5 to 4 feet; typically used for conversation among close freinds or romantic partners.

A

Personal Distance 11

127
Q

Discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths.

A

Positive Psychology 11

128
Q

True or False: Good moods often allow us to consider novel alternatives to problems. 11

A

True

129
Q

We’re often attracted to people with who we have high levels of _______, or things in common. 11

A

Similarity

130
Q

Peterson and Seligman identified numerous _______ _______ and _______ as essential to positive psychology. 11

A

Character Strengths / Virtues

131
Q

Developed the Hiarchy of Needs

A

Abraham Maslow 11

132
Q

Theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals.

A

Incentive Theories 11

133
Q

Expression marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes. A fake smile.

A

Pam Am Smile 11

134
Q

Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, insert the appropriate need at each level of the pyramind in the path to achieving self-actualization. 11

SA

d.

c.

b.

a.

A

a. Physiological Needs
b. Safety Needs
c. Belonging Needs
d. Esteem Needs

135
Q

Anger causes our digestive systems to _______. 11

A

Speed Up (Stomach churns)

136
Q

Some emotions appear to be discrete and show different patterns of brain activation; disgust, anger, fear (though multiple regions participate in all emotions and there is no specific “fear processor” or “anger processor”).

A

Discrete Emotions vs Non-Discrete Emotions

137
Q

Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.

A

Display Rules 11

138
Q

the subjective level

the individual level

the group level

A

Levels of Positive Psychology 11

139
Q

Theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking What we feel in response to a situation is determined by how we interpret it. There are no discrete emotions because there are as many emotions as there are kinds of thoughts.

A

Cognitive Theories of Emotion 11

140
Q

True or False: Almost all emblems are cross-culturally universal. 11

A

False

141
Q

Psychologists and Doctors only see people who are not healthy and thus underestimate resiliancy and overestimate fragility.

A

Clinician’s Illusion 11

142
Q

Tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age.

A

Positivity Effect 11

143
Q

One of the first researches to study how emotional expressions of humans and non-humans are similar, _______ _______ observed that the angry snarl of dogs bears a resemblance to the dismissive sneer of humans. 11

A

Charles Darwin

144
Q

Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.

We’re afraid because we run away from the bear.

A

James-Lange Theory of Emotion 11

145
Q

Some emplyers administer paper-and-pencil _______ tests in an attempt to assess workers’ tendencies to steal or cheat. 11

A

Integrity

146
Q

Anger is relatively specific to what brain part? 11

A

Behind the Eyes in the Frontal Cortex

147
Q

Belief that both our good and our bad moods will last longer than they do.

A

Durability Bias 11

148
Q

0 to .5 meters / 0 to 1.5 feet; typically used for kissing, hugging, whispeing “sweet nothings”, and affectionate touching.

A

Intimate Distance 11

149
Q

Phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds.

A

Plateau Phase 11

150
Q

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. Operates on the notion that if something can be recalled, it must be important, or at least more important than alternative solutions less readily recalled.

A

Availability Heuristic 11

151
Q

Reasearch suggests _________ _________ of _________ in humans, with no voluntary influence on our part. The same may hold true for __________.

A

Automatic Generation of Behaviour / Emotion

152
Q

True or False: Scientists have yet to discover a dependable biological marker of sexual orientation. 11

A

True

153
Q

True or False: When it comes to romantic chemistry, opposites attract. 11

A

False

154
Q

True or False 8: The polygraph test has a very low false-positive rate. 11

A

False

155
Q

Phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being.

A

Resolution Phase 11

156
Q

Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology.

Emphasize the biological underpinnings of emotion. Emotions are largely innate motor programs triggered by stimuli and our emotional reactions to the stimuli preced our interpretation of them.

A

Discrete Emotions Theory 11

157
Q

Fear is relatively specific to what brain part? 11

A

Amygdala.

CPSY 202 Psychology (3 decks)

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