11 - Emotion & Motivation Flashcards
1
Q
Developed Broaden and Build Theory
A
Barbara Fredrickson 11
2
Q
Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other hand.
A
Yerkes-Dodson Law 11
3
Q
Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour.
A
Nonverbal Leakage 11
4
Q
Extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction.
A
Similarity 11
5
Q
Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction.
A
Motivation 11
6
Q
True or False 9: The effects of truth serum are quite similar to those of ingesting several alcoholic drinks. 11
A
True
7
Q
Love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner.
A
Passionate Love 11
8
Q
When we believe that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do, we’re suffering from a _______ _______. 11
A
Durability Bias
9
Q
True or False: Happiness tends to decline sharply after age 50. 11
A
False
10
Q
Most drive reduction theories propose that we’re motivated to maintain a given level of psychological _______. 11
A
Homeostasis
11
Q
In about 6% of severe obesity, responsability lies with a mutation in a major _______ _ _______ _______.
A
Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene
12
Q
True or False: According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, we generally do best when we’re at our highest levels of arousal. 11
A
False
13
Q
Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight.
A
Anorexia Nervosa 11
14
Q
According to psychological research, money (can/can’t) buy longterm happiness. 11
A
Can’t
15
Q
Research shows that the primary problem with the polygraph test is its high rate of (false positives/false negatives). 11
A
False Positives
16
Q
True or False: Few people are sexually active into their seventies and eighties. 11
A
False
17
Q
According to Damasio’s somatic marker theory, we (do/don’t) use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act. 11
A
Do
18
Q
1.25 to 3 meters / 4 to 12 feet; typically used for conversation among strongers and casual aquaintances.
A
Social Distance 11
19
Q
Theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly.
A
Broaden and Build Theory 11
20
Q
For a relationship to move to deeper levels, the rule of give and take, or _______, is often crucial. 11
A
Reciprocity
21
Q
Equilibrium.
A
Homeostasis 11
22
Q
True or False: Obese individuals seem resistant to the effects of leptin. 11
A
True
23
Q
Typically, the correlation between people’s confidence in their ability to detect lies and their accuracy in dong so is (low/high). 11
A
Low
24
Q
Fear causes our digestive systems to _______. 11
A
Slow
25
Describe how we experience emotions during an event like a car accident, according to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion. 11
We first experience arousal after an emotion-provoking event and then look to the situation to determine the cause of that arousal. The emotional label we attach to our arousal based on our interpretation of the situation is the emotion we experience.
26
A genuine smile associated with increased activity of the front region of the left hemisphere; appears to be specialized for positive emotions.
Duchenne Smile 11
27
Identified the Flight or Fight response. With Philip Bard proposed theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Walter Cannon 11
28
According to the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, the expression "*keep a stiff upper lip*" should improve your mood. 11
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
29
Theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states.
Drive Reduction Theory 11
30
True or False: Starvation can lead to at least some symptoms of anorexia nervosa. 11
True
31
Along with William James developed their theoy of emotion
Carl Lange 11
32
Theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions ” to help us determine how we should act.
Somatic Marker Theory 11
33
Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.
Leptin 11
34
Glee we experience at the misfortune of others, especially those we consider arrogant.
Schadenfreude
35
Emotion relatively specific to a region in the frontal cortex behind our eyes
Anger 11
36
Companionate and passionate love appear to be psychologically and physiologically independent. 11
True
37
Alarm - Fear & Surprise
Hatred - Anger & Disgust
Schadenfreude - Happiness, Anger, & Pride
Primary Emotions Combined
38
Across vastly different cultures, men and women tend to (agree/disagree) on whom they find physically attractive. 11
Agree
39
**The Feeding Centre**
Stimulate rat eats; destroy rat starves
**Lower/Ventromedial**
Stimulate rat starves; lesion rat eats
Lateral Hypothalamus 11
40
Average faces are rated as (less/more) attractive than distinctive or exotic faces. 11
More
41
True or False: A few months after winning big in a lottery, lottery winners aren't much happier than anyone else. 11
True
42
Using Sternberg's triangular theory of love, complete this figure by identifying the three major elements of love (forming the points of the triangle). According to Sternberg, what is the ultimate form of love? 11
a.
d.
b. c.
a. Intimacy
d. consummate love
b. passion c. commitment
43
True or False: Personal distance from others is usually correlated with emotional distance. 11
True
44
When stressed or nervous, you may engage in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, such as biting your fingernails or twirling your hair. 11
Manipulators
45
The most widely administered version of the polygraph test, the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, measures subjets' physiological responses following three major types of yes-no questions. 11
Controlled Question Test (CQT)
46
The ability to predict our own and others' happiness is called _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 11
Affective Forecasting
47
Ability to predict our own and others' happiness.
Affective Forecasting 11
48
Model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs.
Hierarchy of Needs 11
49
Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.
Glucostatic Theory 11
50
According to _______ theory, when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose. 11
Glucostatic
51
1. Public Distance
2. Social Distance
3. Personal Distance
4. Intimate Distance
Levels of Personal Space 11
52
When talking, we often use \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, gestures that highlight or accentuate speech. 11
Illustrators
53
According to one theory of influences on sexual orientation, girls exposed to excessive testoterone in the womb develop _______ brains, and boys exposed to too little testosterone develop _______ brains. 11
Masculinized / Feminized
54
A relationship marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for our partner is called _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.11
Companionate Love
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most common eating disorder, and 95% of the people with this diagnosis are women. 11
Bulimia
56
“Self-realization." Proposed by Aristotle. The good life” is about living in line with your core values. This may not always bring you ‘pleasure’ but emphasizes self-actualization, rather than following desire.
Eudaimonic View
57
Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction.
Proximity 11
58
What kind of smile is characterized by the turning upwards of the corners of the mouth and changes in the eyelids and corners of the eye? 11
The Duchenne Smile
59
Each of us may have a genetically programmed _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain. 11
Set Point
60
True of False: Some emotions, like happiness, appear to be recognized by a substantial majority of people in all cultures. 11
True
61
Too tired to get up and eat?
Conflicting Drives 11
62
Is there any research evidence that motivational speakers, like Anthony Robbins, produce long-term changes in people's behaviour? 11
No
63
With Stanley Schachter proposed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Jerome Singer 11
64
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, we're more likely to feel emotions that correspond to our _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 11
Facial Features
65
Totally absorption in an activity where we don't notice passage of time. Associated with high levels of satisfaction and subjective well-being.
Flow 11
66
True or False: In general, people find average faces the most physically attractive. 11
True
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theories propose that we're often motivated by positive goals. 11
Incentive
68
Emotion relatively specific to the insula, a region within the limbic system.
Disgust
69
According to Fredrickson's _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ theory, happiness predisposes us to think more openly. 11
Broaden and Build
70
Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simulta-neously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Cannon-Bard Theory 11
71
True or False: According to the James-Lange theory, emotions follow from our bodily reactions. 11
True
72
The unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour is known as _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 11
Non-Verbal Leakage
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ is a strategy of anticipating failures and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes. 11
Defensive Pessimism
74
Study of personal space.
Proxemics 11
75
Theory that blood vessels via expressions send temperature information to the brain, altering our experience of emotions.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis 11
76
Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction.
Reciprocity 11
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ love can be a mix of delirious happiness when we're near the object of our desire, and misery when separated from it. 11
Passionate
78
True or False: Two-factor theory proposes that arousal is necessary for emotion. 11
True
79
Alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't.
Guilty Knowledge Test 11
80
Emotion relatively specific to the Amygdala.
Fear
81
How do emoticons help to ensure that an email or text message is interpreted in the manner it was intended? 11
Because email message are devoid of non-verbal cues, people have developed a variety of emoticons to convey various emotions that might not be obcious over email or instant messaging.
82
Phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women.
Orgasm (climax) Phase 11
83
Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain.
Set Point 11
84
True or False: Pessimism is an adaptive strategy for some people. 11
True
85
Eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight.
Bulimia Nervosa 11
86
Explain how the kind of Bhutan plans to increase the gross national happiness of his country and why this initiative may be beneficial to all. 11
The King plans to boost GNH in Bhutan by preserving the beauty of its natural environment, promoting cultural values, and giving citizens more of a voice in government decisions. This is beneficial because happiness often breeds both health and success in our work, family, and love lives.
87
With Jerome Singer proposed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter 11
88
Founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy. A pupil of Socrates. Adopted "ethical hedonism;" the goal of life is to seek pleasure by circumstances to oneself and by maintaining proper control over both adversity and prosperity.
Aristippus of Cyrene 11
89
Gestures that convey specific meaning, such as a hand wave or the okay sign, are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 11
Emblems
90
How does the polygraph rely on the assumption of the Pinocchio response? 11
The Pinocchio response is a perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying. Like Pinocchio's nose, people's bodily reactions supposedly give them away whenever they lie.
91
Small number of emotions (perhaps seven) believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal.
* Happiness
* Sadness
* Surprise
* Anger
* Disgust
* Fear
* Contempt
* Maybe Pride
Primary Emotions 11
92
The ________ law describes an inverted U-shape relation between arousal on the one hand and performance and mood on the other. 11
Yerkes-Dodson
93
Physical nearness, or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, affords the opportunity for relationship formation. 11
Proximity
94
Along with Carl Lange developed their theoy of emotion
William James
95
* Marriage
* Friendships
* College/University
* Religion
* Political Affiliation
* Exercise
* Gratitude
* Giving
* Flow
Reasons for Increased Happiness 11
96
True or False: Money is highly correlated with happiness, especially at high levels of income. 11
False
97
Emotions not especially different in their brain response.
Brain Activation of Happiness and Sadness 11
98
True or False 7: People who've had a great deal of experience with liars are almost alwsy better at detecting them than other people are. 11
False
99
According to _______ theories of emotion, emotions are products of thinking. 11
Cognitive
100
1. Aproach Aproach
2. Avoidance Avoidance
3. Approch
Avoidance
4. Double-Approach Avoid
Approach Approach
Avoidance Avoidance
4 Approch Avoidance Conflicts 11
101
According to _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theory, humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that combine in complex ways. 11
Discrete Emotions
102
Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it.
Excitement Phase 11
103
3 meters / 12 ft or more; typically used for public speaking or lecturing.
Public Distance 11
104
Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances.
* We're poor at predicting what makes us happy.
* Life circumstances can temporarily shift our happiness level, but we return to our set point shortly thereafter.
* We have a durability bias when thinking about our moods. We think they will last longer than they actually do.
* We have a happiness “set point” – our baseline level of hippiness
* We adapt to our circumstances (the hedonic treadmill)
* “Happiness is a process, not a place”
Hedonic Treadmill 11
105
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, an emotion-provolking event leads ________ both to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Simultaneously
106
According to Buss, across cultures, (men/women) attach more importance to physical attractiveness. 11
Men
107
Disgust is relatively specific to what brain part? 11
Insula (area within Limbic System)
108
True or False: Psychological research demonstrates that emotion and reason are direct opposites of each other. 11
False
109
They identified numerous charcter strenghts and virtues as essential to Positive Psychology
Christoper Peterson and Martin Seligman 11
110
Masters and Johnson reported in their pioneering investigation that the basic sexual arousal cycle is (the same/different) for men and women. 11
the Same
111
Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying.
Pinocchio Response 11
112
With Walter Cannon, proposed theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simulta-neously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Philip Bard 11
113
According to the _______ theory of emotion, emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli. 11
James-Lange
114
Marked by a deterioration of utonomic nervous system neurons beginning in middle age.
Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF) 11
115
Experiences remembered by how the day Peaked and how it ended.
Peak | End Rule
116
Strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes.
Defensive Pessimism 11
117
Mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences.
Emotion 11
118
The increase in happiness with old age appears to be due to the _______ effect. 11
Positivity
119
Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner.
Companionate Love 11
120
Questionnaire that presumably assesses workers' tendency to steal or cheat.
Integrity Test 11
121
Theory proposing that emotions are produced by
a) an undifferentiated state of arousal along with
b) an attribution (explanation) of that arousal.
\*Being aroused intensifies emotions (bridge/roller coaster)
Two-Factor Theory 11
122
Theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues.
Internal–External Theory 11
123
True or False: Opinions of beauty and attractiveness tend to vary widely across cultures. 11
False
124
1. Law Enforcement
2. Secret Service
3. Judges
4. Specialized Clinical Psychologists
Few groups are good at detecting lies at better than 50% accuracy. They are: 11
125
Need for stimulation
Stimulus Hunger 11
126
.5 to 1.25 meters / 1.5 to 4 feet; typically used for conversation among close freinds or romantic partners.
Personal Distance 11
127
Discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths.
Positive Psychology 11
128
True or False: Good moods often allow us to consider novel alternatives to problems. 11
True
129
We're often attracted to people with who we have high levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or things in common. 11
Similarity
130
Peterson and Seligman identified numerous _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ as essential to positive psychology. 11
Character Strengths / Virtues
131
Developed the Hiarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow 11
132
Theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals.
Incentive Theories 11
133
Expression marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes. A fake smile.
Pam Am Smile 11
134
Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, insert the appropriate need at each level of the pyramind in the path to achieving self-actualization. 11
## Footnote
**SA**
**d.**
**c.**
**b.**
**a.**
a. Physiological Needs
b. Safety Needs
c. Belonging Needs
d. Esteem Needs
135
Anger causes our digestive systems to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 11
Speed Up (Stomach churns)
136
Some emotions appear to be discrete and show different patterns of brain activation; disgust, anger, fear (though multiple regions participate in all emotions and there is no specific “fear processor” or “anger processor”).
Discrete Emotions vs Non-Discrete Emotions
137
Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.
Display Rules 11
138
the subjective level
the individual level
the group level
Levels of Positive Psychology 11
139
Theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking What we feel in response to a situation is determined by how we interpret it. There are no discrete emotions because there are as many emotions as there are kinds of thoughts.
Cognitive Theories of Emotion 11
140
True or False: Almost all emblems are cross-culturally universal. 11
False
141
Psychologists and Doctors only see people who are not healthy and thus underestimate resiliancy and overestimate fragility.
Clinician's Illusion 11
142
Tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age.
Positivity Effect 11
143
One of the first researches to study how emotional expressions of humans and non-humans are similar, _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ observed that the angry snarl of dogs bears a resemblance to the dismissive sneer of humans. 11
Charles Darwin
144
Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.
We're afraid because we run away from the bear.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion 11
145
Some emplyers administer paper-and-pencil _______ tests in an attempt to assess workers' tendencies to steal or cheat. 11
Integrity
146
Anger is relatively specific to what brain part? 11
Behind the Eyes in the Frontal Cortex
147
Belief that both our good and our bad moods will last longer than they do.
Durability Bias 11
148
0 to .5 meters / 0 to 1.5 feet; typically used for kissing, hugging, whispeing "sweet nothings", and affectionate touching.
Intimate Distance 11
149
Phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds.
Plateau Phase 11
150
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. Operates on the notion that if something can be recalled, it must be important, or at least more important than alternative solutions less readily recalled.
Availability Heuristic 11
151
Reasearch suggests _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of _________ in humans, with no voluntary influence on our part. The same may hold true for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Automatic Generation of Behaviour / Emotion
152
True or False: Scientists have yet to discover a dependable biological marker of sexual orientation. 11
True
153
True or False: When it comes to romantic chemistry, opposites attract. 11
False
154
True or False 8: The polygraph test has a very low false-positive rate. 11
False
155
Phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being.
Resolution Phase 11
156
Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology.
Emphasize the biological underpinnings of emotion. Emotions are largely innate motor programs triggered by stimuli and our emotional reactions to the stimuli preced our interpretation of them.
Discrete Emotions Theory 11
157
Fear is relatively specific to what brain part? 11
Amygdala.
