1.3 - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Question 1

✓ All newly synthesized proteins need to fold up correctly (3-D shape)
* Native conformation
* Non-native (e.g., unfolded or misfolded)
* Essential for enzymatic activity or structural roles in the cell

Answer 1

Post-translational modifications
(PTMs)

Question 2

stabilize partially folded
regions in their correct form

Answer 2

Chaperone proteins

Question 3

Proteins fold in the

Answer 3

ER

Question 4

✓ Amino acids of some proteins need to be chemically modified
* Addition of phosphate groups
* Phosphorylation can determine protein function

Answer 4

Post-translational modifications
(PTMs)

Question 5

increase the functional diversity of the proteome by the covalent addition of functional groups, proteolytic cleavage of regulatory subunits, or degradation of entire proteins

Answer 5

Post-translational modifications (PTMs)

Question 6

PTMs include ?; influence almost all aspects of normal cell biology and pathogenesis

Answer 6

phosphorylation, methylation and acetylation

Question 7

Identifying and understanding PTMs is critical in the study of ?

Answer 7

cell biology and disease treatment and prevention

Question 8

most common mechanism of regulating protein function and transmitting signals throughout the cell. Protein phosphorylation (e.g., serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue) is one of the most important and well-studied PTMs.

Answer 8

Phosphorylation

Question 9

refers to addition of a methyl group to lysine (K) or arginine (R) residue of a protein. Methylation is mediated by methyltransferases and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) is the primary methyl group donor

Answer 9

Methylation

Question 10

refers to the addition of acetyl group in a protein. It is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that transfer the acetyl moiety from acetyl-CoA to the amino group of lysine (K) residue

Answer 10

Acetylation

Question 11

Conformation of a Protein

Answer 11

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Question 12

amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain

Answer 12

Primary

Question 13

loops, coils, barrels, helices, sheets, or other shapes formed by hydrogen bonds between neighboring carboxyl and amino groups

Answer 13

Secondary

Question 14

three-dimensional forms shaped by bonds between R groups, interactions between R groups and water

Answer 14

Tertiary

Question 15

protein complexes formed by bonds between separate polypeptides

Answer 15

Quaternary

Question 16

Proteins must fold into ? to function

Answer 16

1 or more specific shape(s) or conformation(s)

Question 17

The 3-D conformation determines a

Answer 17

protein’s function

Question 18

Folding occurs because of

Answer 18

attractions and repulsions between atoms

Question 19

Some amino acids are attracted to water

Answer 19

hydrophilic

Question 20

Repelled water

Answer 20

hydrophobic

Question 21

Misfolded Protein in Alzheimer

Answer 21

Amyloid beta precursor protein

Question 22

Alzheimer OMIM

Answer 22

104760

Question 23

Misfolded Protein Sclerosis

Answer 23

Superoxide dismutase

Question 24

Sclerosis OMIM

Answer 24

147450

Question 25

Huntington Misfolded Protein

Answer 25

Huntingtin

Question 26

Huntington OMIM

Answer 26

143100

Question 27

Parkinson Misfolded Protein

Answer 27

Alpha synuclein

Question 28

Parkinson OMIM

Answer 28

163890

Question 29

Prion disorders Misfolded Protein

Answer 29

Prion protein

Question 30

Prion disorders OMIM

Answer 30

176640

Question 31

OMIM

Answer 31

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man