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(LEC) MOLBIO > 1.2 - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > Flashcards

1.2 - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Isolated nuclein in WBC nuclei

A

Friedrich Miescher
1869

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2
Q

Performed experiments using several different strains of S. pneumoniae

A

Frederick Griffith
1928

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3
Q

Discovered that DNA transmits killing ability in bacteria

A

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
1940s

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4
Q

Determined that the part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not its protein

A

Hershey and Chase
1950

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5
Q

Discovered DNA components, proportions and positions

A

Levene, Chargaff, Wilkins, Franklin
1909-1950s

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6
Q

Elucidated DNA’s three-dimensional structure

A

Watson and Crick
1953

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7
Q

DNA

Double helix

A

2 strands; right-handed

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8
Q

DNA

Direction

A

5’ →3’ and 3’ →5’

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9
Q

DNA

Bases

A

Perpendicular to the axis

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10
Q

DNA

Base bonding

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

DNA

Turn size

A

One complete turn 34 Å

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12
Q

DNA

Diameter

A

20 Å

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13
Q

DNA

Proportionality of bases

A

Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine

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14
Q

DNA

Amount of bases

A

Purines (A + G) = Pyrimidines (T + C)

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15
Q

DNA

Percentage of bases

A

% A + T ≠ % G + C

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16
Q

process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated

A

Replication

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17
Q

synthesis of RNA from the coding strand of DNA by RNA polymerase

A

Transcription

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18
Q

transfer of genetic information from the sequence of codons in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

A

Translation

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19
Q

GST supergene family is made up of 4 gene families responsible for the biotransformation of drugs and xenobiotics

A

GSTA, GSTM, GSTP GSTT

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20
Q

subfamilies exhibit homozygous deletions considered as modifiers of individual risk of cancers

A

GSTT1 and GSTM1

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21
Q

is absent in 20% of Caucasians and 60% of Asians

A

GSTT1

22
Q

is absent in 30-70% of the population

A

GSTM1

23
Q

is recruited to the origin. Replication bubble allows both strands to be copied in opposite directions

A

Helicase

24
Q

Helicase recruit primase, which will synthesize ? on both strands.

A

RNA primers

25
Q

? are recruited. This interacts with the ? to elongate the 3’ end of RNA primers

A

DNA polymerases
sliding clamp

26
Q

Replication forks travel in opposite directions. Helicase works to unwind the DNA, allowing synthesis of new strands to occur. Replication produces short fragments of DNA known as

A

Okazaki fragments

27
Q

Okazaki fragments are attached together by the

A

DNA ligase

28
Q

Replication is complete. RNA primers are removed, and ? fill in nucleotides. DNA ligases seal any gaps that remain

A

DNA polymerases

29
Q

parent strand of DNA which runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction toward the replication fork and is replicated continuously by DNA polymerase

A

Leading strand

30
Q

parent strand that runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction toward the fork and is replicated discontinuously

A

Lagging strand

31
Q
  1. mRNA binds to small subunit along with initiation factors (IF1, IF2, IF3)
  2. Initiator N-formylmethionine (tRNAfmet) binds to mRNA codon in P (peptidyl) site; IF3 released
  3. Large subunit binds to complex; IF1 and IF2 released; Elongation factors (EF) binds to tRNA facilitating entry into A (aminoacyl) site
A

Initiation of translation

32
Q
  1. Second charged tRNA enters the A site facilitated by EF
  2. Peptide bond forms; uncharged tRNA moves to the E (exit) site and subsequently out of the ribosomes
  3. Third charged tRNA enters the A site facilitated by EF
  4. Tripeptide is formed. Uncharged tRNA moves to the E site
  5. Polypeptide chain is synthesized and exits the ribosome
A

Elongation of polypeptide

33
Q
  1. tRNA and polypeptide chain is released
  2. GTP-dependent termination factors are activated; components separate; polypeptide folds into protein
A

Termination of translation and release of polypeptide

34
Q

Four Levels of Protein Structure

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

35
Q

the sequence of amino acid in a polypeptide chain

A

Primary

36
Q

the pleated or helical structure in a protein molecule that is brought about by the formation of bonds between amino acids

A

Secondary

37
Q

the three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule brought about by folding on itself

A

Tertiary

38
Q

the structure formed by the interaction of two or more polypeptide chains in a protein

A

Quaternary

39
Q

Actin, myosin, dystrophin

A

Muscle contraction

40
Q

Antibodies, antigens, cytokines

A

Immunity

41
Q

Lipase, proteases, nucleases

A

Digestion

42
Q

Collagen, elastin

A

Milk protein

43
Q

Colony stimulating factors, erythropoietin

A

Blood cell formation

44
Q

DNA and RNA polymerase

A

DNA replication, gene expression

45
Q

Ferritin

A

Iron transport in blood

46
Q

Fibrin, thrombin

A

Blood clotting

47
Q

Growth factors, kinases, cyclins

A

Cell division

48
Q

Hemoglobin, myoglobin

A

Oxygen transport

49
Q

Insulin, glucagon

A

Control of blood glucose level

50
Q

Keratin

A

Hair structure

51
Q

Tubulin, actin

A

Cell movements

52
Q

Tumor suppressors

A

Cancer prevention

(LEC) MOLBIO (4 decks)

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