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Higher Biology > 1.3 Gene Expression > Flashcards

1.3 Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal).

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2
Q

True or false? All the genes in a cell are expressed.

A

False - only a fraction are expressed.

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3
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA is single stranded and is composed of nucleotides containing a ribose sugar, phosphate and a base.

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4
Q

What are the four bases found in RNA?

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil.

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5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic material an organism possesses.

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6
Q

What determines an organism’s genotype?

A

The sequence of DNA bases in it’s genes.

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7
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical appearance of an organism.

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8
Q

What determines an organism’s phenotype?

A

A genotype is determined by the proteins that’s are produced as a result of gene expression.

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9
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome.

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10
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Each tRNA molecule carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome.

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11
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

Forms the ribosomes alongside proteins.

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12
Q

What is transcription?

A

The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA.

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13
Q

What is each triplet of based on an mRNA molecule called?

A

A codon.

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14
Q

What does a codon do?

A

Codes for a specific amino acid.

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15
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

An exposed triplet of bases.

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16
Q

What is the structure of a tRNA molecule?

A

It has an attachment site for an amino acid on one end and and an anticodon on the other.

17
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases. It then synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides.

18
Q

What direction are RNA nucleotides added in?

A

5’ to 3’.

19
Q

What happens after a primary transcript of mRNA is formed?

A

The mRNA separates from the DNA and moves away. The weak hydrogen bonds then re-unite and the molecules winds up again to make the double helix of DNA.

20
Q

What does RNA splicing do?

A

Forms a mature transcript of mRNA.

21
Q

What are introns?

A

Non coding regions that are removed in RNA splicing.

22
Q

What are exons

A

Coding regions that are joined together to form the mature transcript of mRNA.

23
Q

What is mature transcript of mRNA?

A

A joined chain of exons.

24
Q

True or false? The order of exons is unchanged in RNA splicing.

A

True.

25
Q

How are different proteins expressed from one gene?

A

Alternative RNA splicing.

26
Q

What is alternative RNA splicing?

A

Different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained.

27
Q

What is tRNA involved in?

A

The translation of mRNA into a polypeptide at a ribosome.

28
Q

How does translation begin?

A

It begins at a start codon.

29
Q

How does translation end?

A

It ends with a stop codon.

30
Q

How do anticodons bond to codons?

A

Through complementary base pairing.

31
Q

What joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds.

32
Q

Where are amino acids found?

A

The cytoplasm.

33
Q

What happens as an mRNA molecule is passed through a ribosome?

A

Each codon is translated into an amino acid.

34
Q

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form __________.

A

Polypeptides.

35
Q

What do polypeptide chains form?

A

The folded, three-dimensional shape of a protein.

36
Q

What holds polypeptides together?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

37
Q

What determines a proteins function?

A

It’s shape.

Higher Biology (16 decks)

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